24
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Alcohol Withdrawal and Limbic Kindling: A Hypothesis of Relapse

, &
Pages 5-17 | Received 09 Mar 1994, Accepted 16 Aug 1994, Published online: 10 Jul 2009

References

  • Ballenger J C, Post R M. Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 133: 1–14
  • Goddard G V, McIntyre D C, Leech C K. A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 1969; 25: 295–330
  • Clemmesen L, Hemmingsen R. Physical dependence on ethanol during multiple intoxication and withdrawal episodes in the rat: evidence of a potentiation. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 1984; 55: 345–350
  • Poldrugo F, Snead O C. Electroencephalographic and behavioral correlates in rats during repeated ethanol withdrawal syndromes. Psychopharmacol 1984; 83: 140–146
  • Walker D W, Zornetzer S F. Alcohol withdrawal in mice: electroencephalographic and behavioral correlates. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1974; 36: 233–243
  • Stockwell T, Smail P, Hodgson R, et al. Alcohol dependence and phobic states, II: a retrospective study. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 144: 58–63
  • George D T, Nutt D J, Dwyer B A, et al. Alcoholism and panic disorder: is the comorbidity more than coincidence?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1990; 81: 97–107
  • Wise R A. The neurobiology of craving: implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction. J Abnorm Psychol 1988; 97: 132–188
  • Baker T B, Morse E, Sherman J E (1986) The motivation to use drugs: a psychobiological analysis of urges. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. 1986, R A Dienstbier, P C Rivers. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, 257–323
  • Post R, Weiss S R B. Psychomotor stimulant vs. local anesthetic effects of cocaine: role of behavioral sensitization and kindling. Mechanisms of Cocaine Abuse and Toxicity, D Clouet, K Asghoar, R Brown. NIDA Res Monogr Series, 1988; 217–238
  • Adinoff B, Bone G H A, Linnoila M. Acute ethanol poisoning and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Med Toxicol 1988; 3: 172–196
  • Sudzak P E, Schwartz R D, Skolnick P, et al. Ethanol stimulates GABA receptor‐mediated chloride transport in rat brain synaptoneurosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 4071–4075
  • Morrow A L, Suzdak P D, Karanian J W, et al. Chronic ethanol administration alters c‐aminobutyric acid, pentobarbital, and ethanol‐mediated Cl‐uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 246: 158–164
  • Blankfield A. Psychiatric symptoms in alcohol dependence: diagnostic treatment implications. J Subst Abuse Treat 1986; 3: 275–278
  • Chambless D L, Cherney J, Caputo G C, et al. Anxiety disorders and alcoholism: a study with inpatient alcoholics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1987; 1: 29–40
  • Roelofs S M. Hyperventilation, anxiety, craving for alcohol: a subacute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol 1985; 2: 501–505
  • George D T, Zerby A, Noble S, et al. Panic attacks and alcohol withdrawal: can subjects differentiate the symptoms?. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 24: 240–243
  • Breier A, Paul S. The GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor: implications for the molecular basis of anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 1990; 24: 91–104
  • Insel T R, Nina P T, Aloi J, et al. A benzodiazepine receptor‐mediated model of anxiety. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 741–750
  • Dorrow R, Horowski R, Paschelke G, et al. Severe anxiety induced by FG 7142, a b‐carboline ligand for the benzodiazepine receptor. Lancet 1983; ii: 98–99
  • Lai H, Harris C M, Benjamin D, et al. Characterization of a pentylenetetrazol‐like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 247: 508–518
  • Ballenger J C. Efficacy of benzodiazepines in panic disorder and agoraphobia. J Psychiatr Res, 24: 15–26
  • Adamec R E. Does kindling model anything clinically relevant?. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27: 249–279
  • Mendelson J H, Stein S, McGuire M T. Comparative psychophysiological studies of alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects undergoing experimentally induced ethanol intoxication. Psychosom Med 1966; 28: 1–12
  • Brown M E, Anton R F, Malcolm R, et al. Alcohol detoxification and withdrawal on kindling: clinical support for a kindling hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 23: 507–514
  • Lechtenberg R, Worner T M. Relative kindling effect of detoxification and non‐detoxification admissions in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 1991; 26: 221–225
  • Baker T B, Cannon D S. Potentiation of ethanol withdrawal by prior dependence. Psychopharmacol 1979; 60: 105–110
  • Branchey M, Rauscher G, Kissin B. Modifications in the response to alcohol following the establishment of physical dependence. Psychopharmacol 1971; 22: 314–322
  • Maier D M, Pohorecky L A. The effect of repeated withdrawal episodes on subsequent withdrawal severity in ethancd‐treated rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 1989; 23: 103–110
  • Clemmesen L, Ingvar M, Hemmingsen R, et al. Local cerebral glucose consumption during ethanol withdrawal in the rat: effects of single and multiple episodes and previous convulsive seizures. Brain Res 1988; 453: 204–214
  • McCown T J, Breese G R. Multiple withdrawals from chronic ethanol “kindles” inferior collicular seizure activity: evidence for kindling of seizures associated with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 394–399
  • Becker H C, Hale R L. Positive relationship between the number of previous ethanol withdrawal episodes and the severity of subsequent withdrawal seizures in mice. Psychopharmacol 1994; 116: 26–32
  • Kokka N, Sapp D W, Taylor A M, et al. The kindling model of alcohol dependence: similar persistent reduction in seizure threshold to pentylenetetrazol in animals receiving chronic ethanol or chronic pentylenetetrazol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 525–531
  • Rodin E A, Calhoun H D. Metrazol tolerance in a “novel” and volunteer population. J Nerv Ment Dis 1970; 150: 433–446
  • Pinel J P J, Van Oot P H. Generality of the kindling phenomenon: some clinical implications. Can J Neurol Sci 1975; 2: 467–475
  • Cooper B R, Viik K, Ferris R M, et al. Antagonism of the enhanced susceptibility to audiogenic seizures during alcohol withdrawal in the rat by g‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and “GABA‐mimetic” agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1979; 209: 396–403
  • Corda M G, Giorgi O, Biggio G. Behavioral and biochemical evidence for a long‐lasting decrease in GABAergic function elicited by chronic administration of FG 7142. Brain Res 1986; 384: 60–67
  • Corda M G, Giorgi O, Longoni B, . Increased sensitivity to inverse‐agonist and decreased GABA‐stimulated chloride influx induced by chronic treatment with FG 7142. Chloride Channels and Their Modulation by Neurotransmitters and Drugs, G Biggio, E Costa, et al. Raven, New York 1988; 293–306
  • Lewin E, Peris J, Bleck V, et al. Chemical kindling decreases GABA‐activated chloride channels of mouse brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 160: 101–106
  • Corda M G, Giorgi O, Mele S, et al. Enhanced sensitivity to b‐carboline inverse‐agonists in rats chronically treated with FG 7142. Brain Res Bull 1987; 19: 379–385
  • Becker H C, Anton R F. The benzodiazepine receptor inverse‐agonist R015–4513 exacerbates, but does not precipitate, ethanol withdrawal in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 32: 163–167
  • Little H J, Nutt D J, Taylor S C. The effects of drugs acting at GABAA receptor/ionophore after chemical kindling with the benzodiazepine receptor ligand FG‐7142. Br J Pharmacol 1986; 88: 507–514
  • Kushner M G, Sher K J, Beitman B D. The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 685–695
  • Nutt D J, Paul G. Neurochemical insights into alcohol kindling. Hum Psychopharmacol 1989; 4: 157–158
  • Morgan P F, Nadi N S, Karanian J, et al. Mapping rat brain structures activated during ethanol withdrawal: role of glutamate and NMDA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 225: 217–223
  • Clark M, Post R M, Weiss S R B, et al. Regional expression of c‐fos mRNA in rat brain during the evolution of amygdala kindled seizures. Brain Res 1991; 11: 55–64
  • Ceccatelli S, Villar M J, Goldstein M, et al. Expression of c‐fos immunoreactivity in transmitter‐characterized neurons after stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 9569–9673
  • Daval J L, Nakajima T, Gleiter C H, et al. Mouse brain c‐fos mRNA distribution following a single electroconvulsive shock. J Neurochem 1989; 52: 1954–1957
  • Nakajima T, Daval J L, Gleiter C H, et al. C‐fos mRNA expression following electrical‐induced seizure and acute nociceptive stress in mouse brain. Epilepsy Res 1989; 4: 156–159
  • Drummond D C, Cooper T, Glautier S P. Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment. Br J Addict 1990; 85: 725–743
  • Kozlowski L T, Wilkinson D A. Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers. BrJ Addict 1987; 82: 31–36
  • Tiffany S T. A critique of contemporary urge and craving research: methodological, psychometric, and theoretical issues. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy. San Francisco, CA November, 1990
  • Ludwig A M, Stark L H. Alcohol craving: subjective and situational aspects. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1974; 35: 899–905
  • Ludwig A M, Wikler A, Stark L H. The first drink: psychobiological aspects of craving. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 30: 539–547
  • Kaplan R F, Cooney N L, Baker L H, et al. Reactivity to alcohol‐related cues: physiological and subjective responses in alcoholics and nonproblem drinkers. J Stud Alcohol 1985; 46: 267–272
  • Long C G, Cohen E M. Low‐alcohol beers and wines: attitudes of problem drinkers to their use and their effect on craving. Br J Addict 1989; 84: 777–783
  • Janowsky J S, Laxer K D, Rushmer D S. Classical conditioning of kindled seizures. Epilepsia 1980; 21: 393–398
  • Niaura R S, Rohsenow D J, Binkoff J A, et al. The relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse. J Abnorm Psychol 1988; 97: 113–152
  • Cooney N L, Gillespie R A, Baker L G, et al. Cognitive changes after alcohol cue exposure. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987; 55: 150–155
  • Kaplan R F, Meyer R E, Virgilio L M. Physiological reactivity to alcohol cues and the awareness of an alcohol effect in a double‐blind placebo design. Br J Addict 1984; 79: 439–442
  • Laberg J C. What is presented, and what prevented, in cue exposure and response prevention with alcohol‐dependent subjects?. Addict Behav 1990; 15: 367–386
  • Stockwell T R, Hodgson R J, Rankin H J, et al. Alcohol dependence, beliefs and the priming effect. Behav Res Ther 1982; 20: 513–522
  • Ludwig A M, Wikler A. “Craving” and relapse to drink. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1974; 35: 108–130
  • Eriksen L, Gotestam K G. Conditioned abstinence in alcoholics: a controlled experiment. Int J Addict 1984; 19: 287–294
  • Litt M D, Cooney N L, Kadden R M, et al. Reactivity to alcohol cues and induced moods in alcoholics. Addict Behav 1990; 15: 137–146
  • Baker T B, Cannon D S, Tiffany S T, et al. Cardiac response as an index of the effect of aversion therapy. Behav Res Ther 1984; 22: 403–411
  • Cannon D S, Baker T B, Gina A, et al. Alcohol‐aversion therapy: relation between strength of aversion and abstinence. J Consult Clin Psychol 1986; 54: 825–830
  • Monti P M, Abrams D B, Binkoff J A, et al. Communication skills training with family and cognitive behavioral mood management training for alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 1990; 51: 263–270
  • Heishman S J, Stitzer M L, Bigelow G E, et al. Acute opioid physical dependence in post‐addict humans: Naloxone dose effects after brief morphine exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 248: 127–134
  • Whitehead C C. Methadone pseudowithdrawal syndrome: paradigm for a psychopharmacological model of opiate addiction. Psychosom Med 1974; 36: 189–198
  • Post R M, Weiss S R B, Pert A. Cocaine‐induced behavioral sensitization and kindling: implications for the emergence of psychopathology and seizures. Mesocorticoiimbic Dopamine System, P W Kalivas, C B Nemeroff. New York Academy of Science, New York 1988; 292–308
  • Washton A M, Gold M S. Chronic cocaine abuse: evidence for adverse effects on health and functioning. Psychiatric Ann 1984; 14: 733–743
  • Louie A K, Lannon R A, Ketter R A. Treatment of cocaine‐induced panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 4CM4
  • Aronson T A, Craig T J. Cocaine precipitation of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 643–645
  • Post R M, Weiss S R B, Uhde T W, . Preclinical neuroscience advances pertinent to panic disorder: implications of cocaine kindling, induction of the proto‐oncogene c‐fos, and contingent tolerance. Biology of Anxiety Disorders: Recent Developments, R Hoehn‐Saric, D B McLeod, et al. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1993; 121–176
  • Halikas J A, Kuhn K L. A possible neurophysiological basis of cocaine craving. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1990; 2: 79–63
  • Barlow D H, Craske M G, Cerny J A, et al. Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behav Ther 1989; 20: 261–282
  • Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors, G A Marlatt, J R Gordon. Guilford, New York 1985
  • Rankin H, Hodgson R, Stockwell T. Cue exposure and response prevention with alcoholics: a controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 1983; 21: 435–446
  • Staiger P K, White J M. Cue reactivity in alcohol abusers: stimulus specificity and extinction of the responses. Addict Behav 1991; 16: 211–221
  • LaBounty L P, Hatsukami D, Morgan S F, et al. Relapse among alcoholics with phobic and panic symptoms. Addict Behav 1992; 17: 9–15
  • Butler D, Messina R S. Alcohol withdrawal and car‐bamazepine. Alcohol 1986; 3: 113–129
  • Malcolm R, Ballenger J C, Sturgis E T, et al. Double‐blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 617–621

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.