How Do Muscle Lesions such as Latent and Active Trigger Points Influence Central Nociceptive Neurons?

REFERENCES

• Hoheisel U, Unger T, Mense S: A block of the nitric oxide synthesis leads to increased background activity predominantly in nociceptive dorsal horn neurons in the rat. Pain 88: 249–257, 2000.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoheisel U, Unger T, Mense S: The possible role of the NO-cGMP pathway in nociception: Different spinal and supraspinal action of enzyme blockers on rat dorsal horn neurones. Pain 117: 358–367, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoheisel U, Koch K, Mense S: Functional reorganization in the rat dorsal horn during an experimental myositis. Pain 59: 111–118, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu XG, Sandkühler J: Activation of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate or neurokinin receptors induces long-term potentiation of spinal C-fibre-evoked potentials. Neuroscience 86: 1209–1216, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usunoff KG, Popratiloff A, Schmitt O, Wree A: Functional anatomy of pain. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 184: 1–115, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travell J, Rinzler SH: The myofascial genesis of pain. Postgrad Med 11: 425–434, 1952.
   Google Scholar
• Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons L: Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual; Vol. 1. The Upper Half of Body. Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Babenko V, Svensson P, : Experimentally induced muscle pain induces hypoalgesia in heterotopic deep tissues, but not in homotopic deep tissues. Brain Res 787: 203–210, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T: Fundamentals of muscle pain, referred pain and deep tissue hyperalgesia. Scan J Rheum (Suppl 122): 1–43, 2006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P, : Stimulus–response functions in areas with experimentally induced referred muscle pain—A psychophysical study. Brain Res 744: 121–128, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen RJ, Graven-Nielsen T, Jensen TS, : Quantification of local and referred pain in humans induced by intramuscular electrical stimulation. Eur J Pain 1: 105–113, 1997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis T: Pain. Macmillan, London, 1942.
   Google Scholar
• Hoheisel U, Mense S, Simons DG, Yu XM: Appearance of new receptive fields in rat dorsal horn neurons following noxious stimulation of skeletal muscle: A model for referral of muscle pain? Neurosci Lett 153: 9–12, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers DER, Snow PJ: Somatotopical inappropriate projections of single hair follicle afferent fibres to the cat spinal cord. J Physiol 347: 59–73, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Zhuo M: Silent glutamatergic synapses and nociception in mammalian spinal cord. Nature 393: 695–698, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter MR, Wen YR, Decosterd I, : Do glial cells control pain? Neuron Glia Biol 3: 255–268, 2007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobias CA, Dhoot NO, Wheatley MA, : Grafting of encapsulated BDNF-producing fibroblasts into the injured spinal cord without immune suppression in adult rats. J Neurotrauma 18: 287–301, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantyh PW: Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor. J Clin Psychiatr 63 (Suppl. 11): 6–10, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazett HC, McGlone B: Note on the pain sensations which accompany deep punctures. Brain 51: 18–23, 1928.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson P, Cairns BE, Wang K, Arendt-Nielsen L: Injection of nerve growth factor into human masseter muscle evokes long-lasting mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia. Pain 104: 241–247, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoheisel U, Unger T, Mense S. Sensitization of rat dorsal horn neurones by NGF-induced subthreshold potentials and low-frequency activation. A study employing intracellular recordings in vivo. Brain Res 1169: 34–43, 2007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Curatolo M, Mense S. Central sensitization, referred pain, and deep tissue hyperalgesia in musculoskeletal pain. Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Pain. Edited by Flor H, Kalso E, Dostrovsky JO. IASP Press, Seattle, 2006, pp. 217–230.
   Google Scholar
• Diehl B, Hoheisel U, Mense S: The influence of mechanical stimuli and of acetylsalicylic acid on the discharges of slowly conducting afferent units from normal and inflamed muscle in the rat. Exp Brain Res 92: 431–440, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Seereeram A, Nassar MA, Levato A, Pezet S, Hathaway G, Morenilla-Palao C, Stirling C, Fitzgerald M, McMahon SB, Rios M, Wood JN: Nociceptor-derived brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates acute and inflammatory but not neuropathic pain. Mol Cell Neurosci 31: 539–548, 2006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins LR, Maier SF: Glia: A novel drug discovery target for clinical pain. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2: 973–985, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt SP, Mantyh PW: The molecular dynamics of pain control. Nature Rev Neurosci 2: 83–91, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB: Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nature Rev Neurosci 6: 521–532, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chacur M, Lambertz D, Hoheisel U, Mense S: Role of spinal microglia in myositis-induced central senstization: An immunohistochemical and behavioural study in rats. Eur J Pain 13: 915–923, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Hoffert C, Vu HK, Groblewski T, Ahmad S, O’Donnell D: Induction of CB2 receptor expression in the rat spinal cord of neuropathic but not inflammatory chronic pain models. Eur J Neurosci 7: 2750–2754. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Clark AK, Gentry C, Bradbury EJ, McMahon SB, Malcangio M: Role of spinal microglia in rat models of peripheral nerve injury and inflammation. Eur J Pain 11: 223–230, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar