Fibromyalgia Syndrome Treatment from a Multidimensional Perspective

REFERENCES

• Treede RD, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, Hansson P, Hughes R, Nurmikko T, Serra J: Neuropathic pain: Redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 70: 1630–1635, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf CJ: Pain: Moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Ann Intern Med 140: 441–451, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisser ME, Glass JM, Rajcevska LD, Clauw DJ, Williams DA, Kileny PR, Gracely RH: A psychophysical study of auditory and pressure sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. J Pain 9: 417–422, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunus MB: Fibromyalgia and overlapping disorders: The unifying concept of central sensitivity syndromes. Semin Arthritis Rheum 36: 339–356, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staud R, Spaeth M: Psychophysical and neurochemical abnormalities of pain processing in fibromyalgia. CNS Spectr 13 (Suppl 5): 12–17, 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L: Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 292: 2388–2395, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burckhardt CS: Nonpharmacologic management strategies in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 28: 291–304, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King SJ, Wessel J, Bhambhani Y, Sholter D, Maksymowych W: The effects of exercise and education, individually or combined, in women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 29: 2620–2627, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisser ME, Glass JM, Rajcevska LD, Clauw DJ, Williams DA, Kileny PR, Gracely RH: Group exercise, education, and combination self-management in women with fibromyalgia: A randomized trial. Arch Intern Med 167: 2192–2200, 2007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busch AJ, Barber KA, Overend TJ, Peloso PM, Schachter CL: Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003786, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold LM: Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. New therapies in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther 8: 212, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowans SE, deHueck A: Pool exercise for individuals with fibromyalgia. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19: 168–173, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DA, Cary MA, Groner KH, Chaplin W, Glazer LJ, Rodriguez AM, Clauw DJ: Improving physical functional status in patients with fibromyalgia: A brief cognitive behavioral intervention. J Rheumatol 29: 1280–1286, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme K, Turk DC, Flor H: Responder criteria for operant and cognitive-behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 57: 830–836, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdcraft LC, Assefi N, Buchwald D: Complementary and alternative medicine in fibromyalgia and related syndromes. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 17: 667–683, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold LM: Strategies for managing fibromyalgia. Am J Med 122: S31–S43, 2009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarzi-Puttini P, Buskila D, Carrabba M, Doria A, Atzeni F: Treatment strategy in fibromyalgia syndrome: Where are we now? Semin Arthritis Rheum 37: 353–365, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayer P, Collart L, Desmeules J: The pharmacology of tramadol. Drugs 47 (Suppl 1): 3–7, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell IJ, Kamin M, Bennett RM, Schnitzer TJ, Green JA, Katz WA: Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of pain in fibromyalgia. J Clin Rheumatol 6: 250–257, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett RM, Kamin M, Karim R, Rosenthal N: Tramadol and acetaminophen combination tablets in the treatment of fibromyalgia pain: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med 114: 537–545, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RE, Clauw DJ, Scott DJ, McLean SA, Gracely RH, Zubieta JK: Decreased central mu-opioid receptor availability in fibromyalgia. J Neurosci 27: 10000–10006, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field MJ, Cox PJ, Stott E, Melrose H, Offord J, Su TZ, Bramwell S, Corradini L, England S, Winks J, Kinloch RA, Hendrich J, Dolphin AC, Webb T, Williams D: Identification of the alpha2-delta-1 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels as a molecular target for pain mediating the analgesic actions of pregabalin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 17537–17542, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dooley DJ, Taylor CP, Donevan S, Feltner D: Ca2+ channel alpha2delta ligands: Novel modulators of neurotransmission. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28: 75–82, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold LM, Russell IJ, Diri EW, Duan WR, Young JP, Jr., Sharma U, Martin SA, Barrett JA, Haig G: A 14-week, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled monotherapy trial of pregabalin in patients with fibromyalgia. J Pain 9: 792–805, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofford LJ, Mease PJ, Simpson SL, Young JP, Jr., Martin SA, Haig GM, Sharma U: Fibromyalgia relapse evaluation and efficacy for durability of meaningful relief (FREEDOM): A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with pregabalin. Pain 136: 419–431, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crofford LJ, Rowbotham MC, Mease PJ, Russell IJ, Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP, Jr., LaMoreaux LX, Martin SA, Sharma U: Pregabalin for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 52: 1264–1273, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mease PJ, Russell IJ, Arnold LM, Florian H, Young JP, Jr., Martin SA, Sharma U: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of pregabalin in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 35: 502–514, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carette S, McCain GA, Bell DA, Fam AG: Evaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 29: 655–659, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carette S, Bell MJ, Reynolds WJ, Haraoui B, McCain GA, Bykerk VP, Edworthy SM, Baron M, Koehler BE, Fam AG, : Comparison of amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, and placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 37: 32–40, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg DL, Felson DT, Dinerman H: A randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 29: 1371–1377, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold LM, Keck PE, Jr., Welge JA: Antidepressant treatment of fibromyalgia. A meta-analysis and review. Psychosomatics 41: 104–113, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häuser W, Bernardy K, Uceyler N, Sommer C: Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome with antidepressants: A meta-analysis. JAMA 301: 198–209, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Malley PG, Balden E, Tomkins G, Santoro J, Kroenke K, Jackson JL: Treatment of fibromyalgia with antidepressants: A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 15: 659–666, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold LM, Lu Y, Crofford LJ, Wohlreich M, Detke MJ, Iyengar S, Goldstein DJ: A double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder. Arthritis Rheum 50: 2974– 2984, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL, D’Souza DN, Goldstein DJ, Iyengar S, Wernicke JF: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain 119: 5–15, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell IJ, Mease PJ, Smith TR, Kajdasz DK, Wohlreich MM, Detke MJ, Walker DJ, Chappell AS, Arnold LM: Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: Results from a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose trial. Pain 136: 432–444, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uceyler N, Offenbacher M, Petzke F, Hauser W, Sommer C: New treatment options for fibromyalgia: Critical appraisal of duloxetine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 4: 525–529, 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gendreau RM, Thorn MD, Gendreau JF, Kranzler JD, Ribeiro S, Gracely RH, Williams DA, Mease PJ, McLean SA, Clauw DJ: Efficacy of milnacipran in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 32: 1975–1985, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branco JC, Zachrisson O, Perrot S, Mainguy Y: A European multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled monotherapy clinical trial of milnacipran in treatment of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 37: 851–859, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg DL, Clauw DJ, Palmer RH, Mease P, Chen W, Gendreau RM: Durability of therapeutic response to milnacipran treatment for fibromyalgia. Results of a randomized, double-blind, monotherapy 6-month extension study. Pain Med 2009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mease PJ, Clauw DJ, Gendreau RM, Rao SG, Kranzler J, Chen W, Palmer RH: The efficacy and safety of milnacipran for treatment of fibromyalgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol 36: 398–409, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clauw DJ, Mease P, Palmer RH, Gendreau RM, Wang Y: Milnacipran for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults: A 15-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose clinical trial. Clin Ther 30: 1988–2004, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman AJ, Myers RR: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole, a dopamine agonist, in patients with fibromyalgia receiving concomitant medications. Arthritis Rheum 52: 2495–2505, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson KG, Sorensen J: The promise of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 28: 343–351, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staud R, Vierck CJ, Robinson ME, Price DD: Effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist dextromethorphan on temporal summation of pain are similar in fibromyalgia patients and normal control subjects. J Pain 6: 323–332, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Späth M: Efficacy and tolerability of tropisetron in primary fibromyalgia—A highly selective and competitive 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Scand J Rheumatol 33: 267–270, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldofsky H: The significance of the sleeping-waking brain for the understanding of widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia syndrome and allied syndromes. Joint Bone Spine 75: 397–402, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrs T, Hyde M, Blaisdell B, Greenwald M, Roth T: Sleep loss and REM sleep loss are hyperalgesic. Sleep 29: 145–151, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R, Smythe H: Musculosketal symptoms and non-REM sleep disturbance in patients with “fibrositis syndrome” and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med 37: 341–351, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewes AM, Nielsen KD, Arendt-Nielsen L, Birket-Smith L, Hansen LM: The effect of cutaneous and deep pain on the electroencephalogram during sleep—An experimental study. Sleep 20: 632–640, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentz MJ, Landis CA, Rothermel J, Shaver JL: Effects of selective slow wave sleep disruption on musculoskeletal pain and fatigue in middle aged women. J Rheumatol 26: 1586–1592, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Older SA, Battafarano DF, Danning CL, Ward JA, Grady EP, Derman S, Russell IJ: The effects of delta wave sleep interruption on pain thresholds and fibromyalgia-like symptoms in healthy subjects; correlations with insulin-like growth factor I. J Rheumatol 25: 1180–1186, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MT, Edwards RR, McCann UD, Haythornthwaite JA: The effects of sleep deprivation on pain inhibition and spontaneous pain in women. Sleep 30: 494–505, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzi M, Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F, Capsoni F, Andreoli A, Pecis M, Colombo S, Carrabba M, Sergi M: Cyclic alternating pattern: A new marker of sleep alteration in patients with fibromyalgia? J Rheumatol 31: 1193–1199, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branco J, Atalaia A, Paiva T: Sleep cycles and alpha-delta sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 21: 1113–1117, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewes AM, Gade K, Nielsen KD, Bjerregard K, Taagholt SJ, Svendsen L: Clustering of sleep electroencephalographic patterns in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 34: 1151–1156, 1995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drewes AM, Nielsen KD, Taagholt SJ, Bjerregard K, Svendsen L, Gade J: Sleep intensity in fibromyalgia: Focus on the microstructure of the sleep process. Br J Rheumatol 34: 629–635, 1995.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perlis ML, Giles DE, Bootzin RR, Dikman ZV, Fleming GM, Drummond SP, Rose MW: Alpha sleep and information processing, perception of sleep, pain, and arousability in fibromyalgia. Int J Neurosci 89: 265–280, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roizenblatt S, Moldofsky H, Benedito-Silva AA, Tufik S: Alpha sleep characteristics in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum 44: 222–230, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett RM: Adult growth hormone deficiency in patients with fibromyalgia. Curr Rheumatol Rep 4: 306–312, 2002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demitrack MA, Crofford LJ: Evidence for and pathophysiologic implications of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 840: 684–697, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis CA, Lentz MJ, Rothermel J, Riffle SC, Chapman D, Buchwald D, Shaver JL: Decreased nocturnal levels of prolactin and growth hormone in women with fibromyalgia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 1672–1678, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiva ES, Deodhar A, Jones KD, Bennett R: Impaired growth hormone secretion in fibromyalgia patients: Evidence for augmented hypothalamic somatostatin tone. Arthritis Rheum 46: 1344–1350, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen ML, Nascimento DC, Machado RB, Roizenblatt S, Moldofsky H, Tufik S: Sleep disturbance induced by substance P in mice. Behav Brain Res 167: 212–218, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell IJ: The promise of substance P inhibitors in fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 28: 329–342, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf MB, Baumann M, Berkowitz DV: The effects of sodium oxybate on clinical symptoms and sleep patterns in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol 30: 1070–1074, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharf MB, Hauck M, Stover R, McDannold M, Berkowitz D: Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on pain, fatigue, and the alpha sleep anomaly in patients with fibromyalgia. Preliminary report. J Rheumatol 25: 1986–1990, 1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell IJ, Perkins AT, Michalek JE: Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves function in fibromyalgia syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 60: 299–309, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrot S, Dickenson AH, Bennett RM: Fibromyalgia: Harmonizing science with clinical practice considerations. Pain Pract 8: 177–189, 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar