Beneficial Effect of Combination Therapy Comprising Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Plus Calcium Channel Blocker on Plasma Adiponectin Levels

REFERENCES

• Group UPDS. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. BMJ 1998;317:703–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm L, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux R, Beevers G, Faire U, for the LIFE study group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenorol. Lancet 2002;359:995–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342(3):145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Ueki K, Tobe K. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006;116(7):1784–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, . Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 2002;277(29):25863–25866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamczak M, Wiecek A, Funahashi T, Chudek J, Kokot F, Matsuzawa Y. Decreased plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003;16(1):72–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daimon M, Oizumi T, Saitoh T, Kameda W, Hirata A, Yamaguchi H, . Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Population: the Funagata study. Diabetes Care 2003;26(7):2015–2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima S, Funahashi T, Otsuka F, Maruyoshi H, Yamashita T, Kajiwara I, . Future adverse cardiac events can be predicted by persistently low plasma adiponectin concentrations in men and marked reductions of adiponectin in women after acute myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2007;194(1):204–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe S, Okura T, Kurata M, Irita J, Manabe S, Miyoshi K, . The effect of losartan and amlodipine on serum adiponectin in Japanese adults with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 2006;28(10):1677–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki K, Masaki T, Katsuragi I, Tanaka K, Kakuma T, Yoshimatsu H. Telmisartan prevents obesity and increases the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in diet-induced obese mice. Hypertension 2006;48(1):51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clasen R, Schupp M, Foryst-Ludwig A, Sprang C, Clemenz M, Krikov M, . PPARgamma-activating angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers induce adiponectin. Hypertension 2005;46(1):137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel JM, Tietz AB, Goke B, Parhofer KG. The effect of telmisartan on glucose and lipid metabolism in nondiabetic, insulin-resistant subjects. Metabolism 2006;55(9):1149–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI, Chittiboyina A, Desai P, Pravenec M, . Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 2004;43(5):993–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Kubota T, Kumagai H, Itoh S, Satoh H, . Pioglitazone ameliorates insulin resistance and diabetes by both adiponectin-dependent and -independent pathways. J Biol Chem 2006;281(13):8748–8755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28(7):412–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakuma. T. Roles of biostatistics in rehabilitation research. Jpn J Rehabil Med 2006;43(7):466–473.
   Google Scholar
• Hastie T. Generalized Additive Models. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, . Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 2000;102(11):1296–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto Y, Arita Y, Nishida M, Muraguchi M, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, . An adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, adheres to injured vascular walls. Horm Metab Res 2000;32(2):47–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu A, Chan KW, Hoo RL, Wang Y, Tan KC, Zhang J, . Testosterone selectively reduces the high molecular weight form of adiponectin by inhibiting its secretion from adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2005;280(18):18073–18080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizawa H, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Maeda N, Kuriyama H, Nagaretani H, Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein. Diabetes 2002;51(9):2734–2741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatagai T, Nagasaka S, Taniguchi A, Fukushima M, Nakamura T, Kuroe A, . Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance in Japanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2003;52(10):1274–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snehalatha C, Mukesh B, Simon M, Viswanathan V, Haffner SM, Ramachandran A. Plasma adiponectin is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Diabetes Care 2003;26(12):3226–3229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Bang H, Couper D, Ballantyne CM, . Adiponectin and the development of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes 2004;53(9):2473–2478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara K, Yamauchi T, Imai Y, Manabe I, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Reduced adiponectin level is associated with severity of coronary artery disease. Int Heart J 2007;48(2):149–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto S, Ouchi N, . Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23(1):85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Hirose H, Saito I, Tomita M, Taniyama M, Matsubara K, . Correlation of the adipocyte-derived protein adiponectin with insulin resistance index and serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, independent of body mass index, in the Japanese population. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002;103(2):137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamczak M, Rzepka E, Chudek J, Wiecek A. Ageing and plasma adiponectin concentration in apparently healthy males and females. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62(1):114–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isobe T, Saitoh S, Takagi S, Takeuchi H, Chiba Y, Katoh N, . Influence of gender, age and renal function on plasma adiponectin level: the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;153(1):91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cnop M, Havel PJ, Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Sinha MK, Boyko EJ, . Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex. Diabetologia 2003;46(4):459–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirke KM, Doerr P. Age related changes in free plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1975;80(1):171–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall TG, Lee RE, Marshall FE. Common angiotensin receptor blockers may directly modulate the immune system via VDR, PPAR and CCR2b. Theor Biol Med Model 2006;3:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz MI, Sonmez A, Caglar K, Gok DE, Eyileten T, Yenicesu M, . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist increases plasma adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria. Endocrine 2004;25(3):207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, . Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004;363(9426):2022–2031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harano Y, Kageyama A, Hirose J, Asakura Y, Yokota T, Ikebuchi M, . Improvement of insulin sensitivity for glucose metabolism with the long-acting Ca-channel blocker amlodipine in essential hypertensive subjects. Metabolism 1995;44(3):315–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opie LH, Schall R. Old antihypertensives and new diabetes. J Hypertens 2004;22(8):1453–1458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negro R, Hassan H. The effects of telmisartan and amlodipine on metabolic parameters and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic, hypertensive patients. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2006;7(4):243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar