Increased Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and C-Reactive Protein are Associated with Impaired Vascular Reactivity in Essential Hypertension

REFERENCES

• Böger RH. The emerging role of asymmetric dimethylarginine as a novel cardiovascular risk factor. Cardiovasc Res 2003;59:824–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perticone F, Sciacqua A, Maio R, Perticone M, Maas R, Boger RH, Tripepi G, Sesti G, Zoccali C. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, L-arginine, and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:518–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takiuchi S, Fujii H, Kamide K, Horio T, Nakatani S, Hiuge A, Rakugi H, Ogihara T, Kawano Y. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine and coronary and peripheral endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:802–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venugopal SK, Devaraj S, Yuhanna I, Shaul P, Jialal I. Demonstration that C-reactive protein decreases eNOS expression and bioactivity in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation 2002;106:1439–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, Lloyd JK, Deanfield JE. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340:1111–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teerlink T, Nijveldt RJ, de Jong S, van Leeuwen PA. Determination of arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and symmetric dimethylarginine in human plasma and other biological samples by highperformance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2002;303:131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1992;339:572–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettowski J, Kedra A. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) as a target for pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rep 2006;58:159–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki H, Matsuoka H, Cooke JP, Usui M, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a novel marker of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1999;99:1141–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Szuba A, Tsao PS, Chan JR, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Cooke JP. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction. Its role in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1998;98:1842–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stühlinger MC, Oka RK, Graf EE, Schmölzer I, Upson BM, Kapoor O, Szuba A, Malinow MR, Wascher TC, Pachinger O, Cooke JP. Endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Circulation 2003;108:933–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi F, Asagmi T, Cooke JP, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM, Stuehlinger M, Tsao PS. Plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:1201–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surdacki A, Nowicki M, Sandmann J, Tsikas D, Boeger RH, Bode-Boeger SM, Kruszelnicka-Kwiatkowska O, Kokot F, Dubiel JS, Froelich JC. Reduced urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites and increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in men with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;33:652–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuguma K, Ueda S, Yamagishi S, Matsumoto Y, Kaneyuki U, Shibata R, Fujimura T, Matsuoka H, Kimoto M, Kato S, Imaizumi T, Okuda S. Molecular mechanism for elevation of asymmetric dimethylarginine and its role for hypertension in chronic kidney disease. J Am Nephrol 2006;17:2176–2183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner H, Cockcroft JR, Deanfield J, Donald A, Ferrannini E, Halcox J, Kiowski W, Lüscher TF, Mancia G, Natali A, Oliver JJ, Pessina AC, Rizzoni D, Rossi GP, Salvetti A, Spieker LE, Taddei S, Webb DJ; Working Group on Endothelins and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension. Endothelial function and dysfunction. Part II: Association with cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. A statement by the Working Group on Endothelins and Endothelial Factors of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2005;23:233–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böger RH. Association of asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41: 1467–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Zhou Z, Jiang DJ, Li D, Tan B, Liu H, Li YJ. Reduction of NO- and EDHF-mediated vasodilatation in hypertension: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2007;29:489–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kals J, Kampus P, Kals M, Teesalu R, Zilmer K, Pulges A, Zilmer M. Arterial elasticity is associated with endothelial vasodilatory function and asymmetric dimethylarginine level in healthy subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2007; 67:536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juonala M, Viikari JS, Alfthan G, Marniemi J, Kähönen M, Taittonen L, Laitinen T, Raitakari OT. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and asymmetrical dimethylarginine in the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Circulation 2007;116:1367–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achan V, Broadhead M, Malaki M, Whitley G, Leiper J, MacAllister R, Vallance P. Asymmetric dimethylarginine causes hypertension and cardiac dysfunction in humans and is actively metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1455–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böger RH, Ron ES. L-Arginine improves vascular function by overcoming deleterious effects of ADMA, a novel cardiovascular risk factor. Altern Med Rev 2005;10:14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokce N. L-arginine and hypertension. J Nutr 2004; 134(Suppl 10):2807–2811.
   Google Scholar
• Boos CJ, Lip GY. Is hypertension an inflammatory process? Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:1623–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imatoh T, Miyazaki M, Une H. Does elevated high-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein associate with hypertension in non-obese Japanese males? Clin Exp Hypertens 2007; 29:395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista LE, Vera LM, Arenas IA, Gamarra G. Independent association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha) and essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2005;19:149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesso HD, Buring JE, Rifai N, Blake GJ, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and the risk of developing hypertension. JAMA 2003;290:2945–2951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC, Suh JY, Kim BS, Kang JH, Kim H, Lee MH, Park JR, Kim SW. High sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent risk factor for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger DN. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:4651–1655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeger RH, Bode-Boeger SM, Tsao PS, Lin PS, Chan JR, Cooke JP. An endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase regulates endothelial adhesiveness for monocytes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2287–2295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar R, Meinberg EG, Stanley JC, Gordon D, Webb RC. Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits the migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1996;78: 225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar