The Sasang Constitutional Types Can Act as a Risk Factor for Hypertension

REFERENCES

• Whitworth JA, World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21(11):1983–1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009;338:b1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, International Society of Hypertension. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008;371(9623):1513–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon S, Alderman MH, Lindholm LH, Liu L, Sanchez RA, Seedat YK. Blood-pressure-related disease is a global health priority. Lancet 2008;371(9623):1480–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan NM, Opie LH. Controversies in hypertension. Lancet 2006;367(9505):168–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21(6):1011–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SC,Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K, Fuster V, Gotto A, Grundy SM, Miller NH, Jacobs A, Jones D, Krauss RM, Mosca L, Ockene I, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Starke RD, Taubert KA. AHA/ACC scientific statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2001;104(13):1577–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289(19):2560–2572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goals and history of the national hypertension center. National Hypertension Center; 2010. Available from: www.hypertension.or.kr. ast accessed 27 October 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Park H, Yu H, Ku I, Kim J. Short tandem repeat allele frequencies in Sasang constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med 2009;21(1):227–236.
   Google Scholar
• Lee T, Lee S, Choe B, Song I. A study on the prevalences of chronic diseases according to Sasang constitution at a health examination center. J Sasang Constitut Med 2005;17(2):32–45.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JY, Pham DD. Sasang constitutional medicine as a holistic tailored medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009;6 suppl 1:11–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song I. Eastern and Western theories on constitutional typology. In: Song I, ed., Sasang Constitutional Medicine. 2nd ed. Seoul, Korea: Jipmoondang; 2004. pp. 325–335.
   Google Scholar
• Lee TG, Koh B, Lee S. Sasang constitution as a risk factor for diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009;6 suppl 1:99–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choi K, Choi Y, Cha J, Hwang M, Lee S, Song I. A study on the reliability and validity test of the QSCCⅡ+ (revised questionnaire for the Sasang constitution classification). J Sasang Constitut Med 2006;18(1):62–74.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves JW, Hill MN, Jones DH, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ; Council on High Blood Pressure Research Professional and Public Education Subcommittee, American Heart Association. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans: An AHA scientific statement from the council on high blood pressure research professional and public education subcommittee. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2005;7(2):102–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Washington DC: National Institute of Health; 2004. NIH Publication No. 04–5230.
   Google Scholar
• Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN, Jones DW, Kurtz T, Sheps SG, Roccella EJ. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans: A statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American heart association council on high blood pressure research. Circulation 2005;111(5):697–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2010. Diabetes Care 2010;33 suppl 1:S11–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001;285(19):2486–2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106(25):3143–3421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Aguayo A, Fardella C. Genetics of hypertensive syndrome. Horm Res 2009;71(5):253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S, Chi S, Jung B, Sung H, Ahn K, Koh B. A study on the association between Sasang constitutions and body composition. J Sasang Constitut Med. 2001;13(1):24–34.
   Google Scholar
• Chi S, Han S, Choi S. Theoretical study on the quantification of constitutional information using bioinformatics. J Sasang Constitut Med 2001 30;13(1):17–23.
   Google Scholar
• Sung H. Study on Sasang Constitutional Medicine By the Theory of Thermo-Metabolism and Hematopoietic-Immune System. Korea: KIOM; 1999, p. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Lee K, Seok J, Kim S, Kim Y, Lee S, Lee E, Kim D, Koh B. A case - control study on risk factors of obese patients of each Sasang constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med 2007;19(2):94–112.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang M, Lee S, Choe B, Song I, Koh B. The research on the Sasang constitutional characteristics of stroke inpatients. J Sasang Constitut Med 2005;17(1):103–119.
   Google Scholar
• Lee J, Kim S, Lee E, Song I, Koh B. A study on the correlation of metabolic syndrome and intima-media thickness of common carotid artery with Sasang constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med 2007;19(1):148–159.
   Google Scholar
• Lee T, Hwang M, Lee S, Choe B, Song I. A study on the prevalence and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome according to Sasang constitution. J Korean Oriental Med 2006;27(2):14–22.
   Google Scholar
• Baik T, Kim D. A clinical study on the correlation between Sasang constitutional type and obesity. J Sasang Constitut Med 1996;8(1):319–335.
   Google Scholar
• Kim D. A study on 4 type constitution and life character of obese patients. J Sasang Constitut Med 1997;9(1):303–313.
   Google Scholar
• Cho M, Koh B, Song I. A clinical study of the obesity patients according to Sasang constitution. J Sasang Constitut Med 1998;10(2):485–511.
   Google Scholar
• Kim E, Kim J. A study on the associations between lifestyle of obese patients and Sasang constitutions. J Sasang Constitut Med 1999;11(1):185–199.
   Google Scholar
• Lim J, Lee I, Koh B, Song I, Lee S. A study on the Sasang constitutional characteristics of obese middle-aged women. J Sasang Constitut Med 2004;16(3):59–69.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang M, Lee T, Lee S, Song I, Choe B, Koh B. The case-control study of ischemic stroke according to Sasang constitution. J Korean Oriental Med 2006;27(1):118–129.
   Google Scholar
• Cho JJ, Hwang WJ, Hong SH, Jeong HJ, Lee HJ, Kim HM, Um JY. Angiotensinogen gene polymorphism predicts hypertension, and iridological constitutional classification enhances the risk for hypertension in Koreans. Int J Neurosci 2008;118(5):635–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo C, Hwang W, Hong S, Lee H, Jeong H, Kim S, Kim HM, Um JY. Relationship between iris constitution analysis and TNF-alpha gene polymorphism in hypertensives. Am J Chin Med 2007;35(4):621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi S, Yim Y, Rhee J, Kim H, Kang C. Relationship between the Sasang constitution and ACE polymorphism. J Sasang Constitut Med 1998;10(2):283–290.
   Google Scholar
• Yin C, Park H, Chung J, Lee H, Lee B. Genome-wide association study of the four-constitution medicine. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15(12):1327–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Won H, Lee S, Jang E, Kim K, Park Y, Kim Y, Kim YS, Kim BY, Kim JY, Kim JW. A genome-wide scan for the Sasang constitution in a Korean family suggests significant linkage at chromosomes 8q11.22-23 and 11q22.1-3. J Alter Complement Med 2009;15(7):765–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T, Hwang M, Ham T, Lee S, Choe B, Koh B, Song I. A study on the distributional rate of Sasangin in Korea. J Sasang Constitut Med 2005;17(3):12–21.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004 Surgeon General’s Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking. Washington DC: Center for Disease Control; 2004.
   Google Scholar