Administration of an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Improves Vascular Function and Urinary Albumin Excretion in Low-Risk Essential Hypertensive Patients Receiving Anti-Hypertensive Treatment with Calcium Channel Blockers. Organ-Protecting Effects Independent of Anti-Hypertensive Effect

REFERENCES

• Guerin AP, Blacher J, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure. Circulation 2001;103:987–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Versari D, Kardasz I, Huang Y, Taddei S, Salvetti A. Different effect of antihypertensive drugs on conduit artery endothelial function. Hypertension 2003;41:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein BJ, Gums JG. Angiotensin receptor blockers versus ACE inhibitors: prevention of death and myocardial infarction in high-risk populations. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:470–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• , Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ CollaborationTurnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, Kostis J, Algert C, Woodward M, Chalmers J, Zanchetti A, MacMahon S. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007;25:951–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilote L, Abrahamowicz M, Rodrigues E, Eisenberg MJ, Rahme E. Mortality rates in elderly patients who take different angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after acute myocardial infarction: a class effect? Ann Intern Med 2004;141:102–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC, Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult—Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2005;112:1825–1852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogari R, Zoppi A, Tettamanti F, Malamani GD, Tinelli C, Salvetti A. Effects of nifedipine and indomethacin on cough induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;19:670–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata T. Pharmacological basis of traditional medicines and health supplements as curatives. J Pharmacol Sci 2007;103:127–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka K, Yano T, Yatagai S, Sudo H, Nagasaka S, Hisamitsu S, Watanabe N, Amanuma M, Otsuki K, Tanaka J, Nakamura H, Noma K. Self-monitoring of blood pressure at home and depressor effect of perindopril on the resistant morning hypertension in the elderly hypertensives (special investigation of Coversyl tablets). Therapeutic Research 2004;25:423–430 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Morgan T, Anderson A. Clinical efficacy of perindopril in hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1992;19(S19):61–65.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers DG, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O’Brien E, Ostergren J. ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady AJ. Perindopril versus angiotensin II receptor blockade in hypertension and coronary artery disease: implications of clinical trials. Clin Drug Investig 2007;27:149–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, Fujita T, Higaki J,Horiuchi M, Imai Y, Imaizumi T, Ito S, Iwao H, Kario K, Kawano Y, Kim-Mitsuyama S, Kimura G, Matsubara H,Matsuura H, Naruse M, Saito I, Shimada K, Shimamoto K, Suzuki H, Takishita S, Tanahashi N, Tsuchihashi T, Uchiyama M, Ueda S, Ueshima H, Umemura S, Ishimitsu T, Rakugi H. Japanese Society of Hypertension Committee. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res 2009;32:3–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyagawa K, Dohi Y, Nakazawa A, Sugiura T, Yamashita S, Sato K, Kimura G. Renoprotective effect of calcium channel blockers in combination with an angiotensin receptor blocker in elderly patients with hypertension. A randomized crossover trial between benidipine and amlodipine. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010;32:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki H, Saruta T. Calcium antagonist in progressive renal insufficienct study group. Effects of calcium antagonist, benidipine, on the progression of chronic renal failure in the elderly: a 1-year follow-up. Clin Exp Hypertens 2001;23:189–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe M, Okada K, Maruyama N, Matsumoto S, Maruyama T, Fujita T, Matsumoto K, Soma M. Comparison between the antiproteinuric effects of the calcium channel blockers benidipine and cilnidipine in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19:1027–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka T, Takane H, Okada H, Ohno Y, Suzuki H. Long-term effects of calcium antagonists on augmentation index in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney diseases. NDT Plus 2009;2:192–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Japanese Society of Nephrology. Evidence-based practice guideline for the treatment of CKD. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009;13:537–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawano Y, Tsuchihashi T, Matsuura H, Ando K, Fujita T, Ueshima H. Working group for dietary salt reduction of the Japanese Society of Hypertension. Report of the Working Group for Dietary Salt Reduction of the Japanese Society of Hypertension: (2) Assessment of salt intake in the management of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007;30:887–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami M . Proposed guidelines for the clinical evaluation of antihypertensive drugs. Drug Research 1979;10:849–864 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Kim DH, Kim J, Kim JM, Lee AY. Increased brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is independently associated with risk of cerebral ischemic small vessel disease in elderly hypertensive patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008;110:599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitahara T, Ono K, Tsuchida A, Kawai H, Shinohara M, Ishii Y, Koyanagi H, Noguchi T, Matsumoto T, Sekihara T, Watanabe Y, Kanai H, Ishida H, Nojima. Impact of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and ankle-brachial blood pressure index on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:688–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horinaka S, Yabe A, Yagi H, Ishimura K, Hara H, Iemua T, Matsuoka H. Comparison of atherosclerotic indicators between cardio ankle vascular index and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity. Angiology 2009;60:468–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata M, Ito N, Nunokawa T, Yoshinaga K. Utility of automated brachial ankle pulse wave velocity measurements in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:653–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai K, Utino J, Otsuka K, Takata M. A novel blood pressure-independent arterial wall stiffness parameter; cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). J Atheroscler Thromb 2006;13:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson B, Cubela R, Johnston CI. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: measurement of relative inhibitory potency and serum drug levels by radioinhibitor binding displacement assay. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987;9:699–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, Hallé JP, Young J, Rashkow A, Joyce C, Nawaz S, Yusuf S. HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001;286:421–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, van Gilst WH, de Zeeuw D, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gans RO, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, de Jong PE. Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study Group. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002;106:1777–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbate M, Zoja C, Remuzzi G. How does proteinuria cause progressive renal damage? J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2974–2984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Borch-Johnsen K, Lindholm LH, Mogensen CE, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wan Y. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension 2005;45:198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in hypertensive and normotensive diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Melbourne Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. BMJ 1991;302:210–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, Zinman B, Dinneen SF, Hoogwerf B, Hallé JP, Young J, Rashkow A, Joyce C, Nawaz S, Yusuf S; HOPE Study Investigators. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA 2001;286: 421–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, van Gilst WH, de Zeeuw D, van Veldhuisen DJ, Gans RO, Janssen WM, Grobbee DE, de Jong PE; Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study Group. Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002;106:1777–1782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, Dyal L, Schumacher H, Pogue J, Wang X, Maggioni A, Budaj A, Chaithiraphan S, Dickstein K, Keltai M, Metsärinne K, Oto A, Parkhomenko A, Piegas LS, Svendsen TL, Teo KK, Yusuf S; ONTARGET investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• , Telmisartan Randomised Assessment Study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) InvestigatorsYusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, Dagenais G, Sleight P. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1174–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JF, Schmieder RE, Dyal L, McQueen MJ, Schumacher H, Pogue J, Wang X, Probstfield JL, Avezum A, Cardona-Munoz E, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Fodor G, Maillon JM, Rydén L, Yu CM, Teo KK, Yusuf S; TRANSCEND (Telmisartan Randomised Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease) Investigators. Effect of telmisartan on renal outcomes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Shi V, Hester A, Gupte J, Gatlin M, Velazquez EJ; ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2417–2428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR, Dahlöf B, Pitt B, Jamerson K, Velazquez EJ, Staikos-Byrne L, Kelly RY, Shi V, Chiang YT, Weber MA; ACCOMPLISH Trial investigators.Renal outcomes with different fixed-doseF combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;375:1173–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinagawa M, Kubo Y, Otsuka K, Ohkawa S, Cornélissen G, Halberg F. Impact of circadian amplitude and chronotherapy: relevance to prevention and treatment of stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2001;55 suppl 1:125s–132s.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Namba M, Kim S, Zhan Y, Nakao T, Iwao H. Combination treatment with a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin blocker in a rat systolic heart failure model with hypertension. Hypertens Res 2002;25:461–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakris GL, Toto RD, McCullough PA, Rocha R, Purkayastha D, Davis P; GUARD (Gauging Albuminuria Reduction With Lotrel in Diabetic Patients With Hypertension) Study Investigators. Effects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int 2008;73:1303–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita T, Ando K, Nishimura H, Ideura T, Yasuda G, Isshiki M, Takahashi K; Cilnidipine versus Amlodipine Randomised Trial for Evaluation in Renal Disease (CARTER) Study Investigators. Antiproteinuric effect of the calcium channel blocker cilnidipine added to renin-angiotensin inhibition in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease. Kidney Int 2007;72:1543–1549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyatake N, Shikata K, Makino H, Numata T. Relation between the estimated glomerular filtration rate and pulse wave velocity in Japanese. Intern Med 2010;49:1315–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata M, Miura Y, Yoshinaga K. J-TOPP study group. Higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as an independent risk factor for future microalbuminuria in patients with essential hypertension: the J-TOPP study. J Hypertens 2009;27:1466–1471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe Y, Nishimura H, Sanaka S, Otsuka K, Ohkawa S. Does sodium sensitivity affect nocturnal blood pressure variation in outpatients with hypertension? Clin Exp Hypertens 2002;24:99–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar