Psychiatric Outcomes in Young Children with a History of Institutionalization

REFERENCES

• Egeland B, Sroufe LA, Erickson M. The developmental consequence of different patterns of maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl 1983;7:459–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicchetti D, Barnett D. Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers. Dev Psychopathol 1991;4:397–411.
   Google Scholar
• Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:49–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah CH, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Designing research to study the effects of institutionalization on brain and behavioral development: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Dev Psychopathol 2003;15:885–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean K. The impact of institutionalization on child development. Dev Psychopathol 2003;15:853–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvert E, Rutter M, Beckett C, Emotional difficulties in early adolescence following severe early deprivation: findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study. Dev Psychopathol 2008;20:547–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tizard B, Rees J. The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectional relationships of four year old children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1975;16:61–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm K, Carter MC, Ames EW, Morison SJ. Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behaviour in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Dev Psychopathol 1995;7:283–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges J, Tizard B. Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989;30:77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis BH, Fisher PA, Zaharie S. Predictors of disruptive behavior, developmental delays, anxiety, and affective symptomatology among institutionally reared Romanian children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:1283–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter M, Kreppner J, Croft C, Early adolescent outcomes of institutionally deprived and non-deprived adoptees. III. Quasi-autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007;48:1200–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eluvathingal TJ, Chugani HT, Behen ME, Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Pediatrics 2006;117:2093–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wismer Fries AB, Ziegler TE, Kurian JR, Jacoris S, Pollak SD. Early experience in humans is associated with changes in neuropeptides critical for regulating social behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:17237–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fries AB, Shirtcliff EA, Pollak SD. Neuroendocrine dysregulation following early social deprivation in children. Dev Psychobiol 2008;50:588–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyke AT, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Nelson CA, Guthrie D. Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children. Child Dev 2010;81:212–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Green J, Goldwyn R. Annotation: attachment disorganization and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002;43: 835–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth K, Bureau JF, Riley CD, Atlas-Corbett AF. Socially indiscriminate behavior in the Strange Situation: convergent and discriminant validity in relation to caregiving risk, later behavior problems, and attachment insecurity. Dev Psychopathol 2009;21:355–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah CH, Smyke AT, Koga SF, Carlson E; Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group. Attachment in institutionalized and community children in Romania. Child Dev 2005;76:1015–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyke AT, Koga SF, Johnson DE, The caregiving context in institution-reared and family-reared infants and toddlers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007;48:210–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyke, AT, Zeanah CH, Egger HL. Timing effects on attachment and psychiatric morbidity: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Paper presented at a symposium at the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, CO, April 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Ghera MM, Marshall PJ, Fox NA, The effects of foster care intervention on socially deprived institutionalized children's attention and positive affect: results from the BEIP study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009;50:246–53.
   Google Scholar
• Egger HL, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Potts E, Walter BK, Angold A. Test-retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:538–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah CH, Egger HL, Smyke AT, Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:777–85.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson CA 3rd, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Marshall PJ, Smyke AT, Guthrie D. Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science 2007;318:1937–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter ML, Kreppner JM, O'Connor TG; English and Romanian Adoptees study team. Specificity and heterogeneity in children's responses to profound institutional privation. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt T, Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301:386–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie K, Jaussent I, Stewart R, Association of adverse childhood environment with late-life depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;79:1281–8.
   Google Scholar
• Xie P, Kranzler HR, Poling J, Interactive effect of stressful life events and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR genotype on posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in 2 independent populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;11:1201–9.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens SE, Kumsta R, Kreppner JM, Brookes KJ, Rutter M, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism moderates the effects of severe deprivation on ADHD symptoms: developmental continuities in gene-environment interplay. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009;150B: 753–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumsta R, Stevens S, Brookes K, 5HTT genotype moderates the influence of early institutional deprivation on emotional problems in adolescence: evidence from the English and Romanian Adoptee (ERA) study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010;51:755–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdick KE, Funke B, Goldberg JF, COMT genotype increases risk for bipolar I disorder and influences neurocognitive performance. Bipolar Disord 2007;9:370–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funke B, Malhotra AK, Finn CT, COMT genetic variation confers risk for psychotic and affective disorders: a case control study. Behav Brain Funct 2005;1:19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shifman S, Bronstein M, Sternfeld M, COMT: a common susceptibility gene in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004;128B: 61–4.
   Google Scholar
• Lachman H, Papolos D, Satio T, Yu YM, Szumlanski C, Weinshilboum R. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 1996;6:243–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lotta T, Vidgren J, Tilgmann C, Kinetics of a soluble and membrane-bound catechol-O-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme. Biochemistry 1995;34:4204–10.
   Google Scholar
• Massat I, Souery D, Del-Favero J, Association between COMT (Val158Met) functional polymorphism and early onset in patients with major depressive disorder in a European multicenter genetic association study. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:598–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury SD, Theall KP, Smyke AT, Modification of depression by COMT val158 met polymorphism in children exposed to early severe psychosocial deprivation. Child Abuse Negl 2010;34:387–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall PJ, Fox NA; BEIP Core Group. A comparison of the electroencephalogram between institutionalized and community children in Romania. J Cogn Neurosci 2004;16:1327–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry RJ, Clarke AR, Johnstone SJ. A review of electrophysiology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography. Clin Neurophysiol 2003;114:171–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuura M, Okubo Y, Toru M, A cross-national EEG study of children with emotional and behavioural problems: a WHO collaborative study in the western Pacific Region. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:52–8.
   Google Scholar
• Kinsbourne M. Minimal brain dysfunction as a neurodevelopmental lag. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1973;205:268–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall PJ, Bar-Haim Y, Fox NA. Development of the EEG from 5 months to 4 years of age. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;113:1199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:19649–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin KA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH, Sheridan MA, Marshall P, Nelson CA. Delayed maturation in brain electrical activity partially explains the association between early environmental deprivation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:329–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar