Levetiracetam, Seizures, and Suicidality

REFERENCES

• Brookshire BL, Fletcher JM, Mohan TP, Landry SH, Davidson KC, Francis DJ. Verbal and nonverbal skill discrepancies in children with hydrocephalus: a five-year longitudinal follow-up. J Pediatr Psychol 1995;20:785–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendrame M, Alexopoulos AV, Boyer K, Longer duration of epilepsy and earlier age at epilepsy onset correlate with impaired cognitive development in infancy. Epilepsy Behav 2009;16:431–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kaaden S, Helmstaedter C. Age at onset of epilepsy as a determinant of intellectual impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2009;15:213–7.
   Google Scholar
• Huang CW, Pai MC, Tsai JJ. Comparative cognitive effects of levetiracetam and topiramate in intractable epilepsy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;62:548–53.
   Google Scholar
• Wu T, Chen CC, Chen TC, Clinical efficacy and cognitive and neuropsychological effects of levetiracetam in epilepsy: an open-label multicenter study. Epilepsy Behav 2009;16:468–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt D. Drug treatment of epilepsy: opinions and limitation. Epilepsy Behav 2009;15:56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thompson E, Brennenstuhl S. The association between depression and epilepsy in a national representative sample. Epilepsia 2008;49:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gaitatzis A, Trimble MR, Sander JW. The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;110:207–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesdorffer DC, Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Cascino G. Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults. Ann Neurol 2000;47:246–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobe PC, Daily JW, Wernicke JF. A noradrenergic and serotonergic hypothesis of the linkage between epilepsy and affective disorders. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1999;13:317–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer HM, Mula M, Sander JW. The global burden of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2008;12:540–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann BP, Whitman S, Wyler AR, Anton MT, Vanderzwagg R. Psychosocial predictors of psychopathology in epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry 1990;156:98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez B, Devinsky O. Epilepsy and anxiety. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4 suppl 4:S20–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCagh J, Fisk JE, Baker GA. Epilepsy, psychosocial and cognitive functioning. Epilepsy Res 2009;86:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinin VV. Suicidality and antiepileptic drugs. Drug Saf 2007;30:123–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellez-Zenteno J, Patten SB, Jette N, Williams J, Wieb S. Psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy: a population-based analysis. Epilepsia 2007;48:2336–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrotti A, Cicconetti A, Scorrano B, Epilepsy and suicide: pathogenesis, risk factors, and prevention. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008;4:365–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pompili M, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Death from suicide versus mortality from epilepsy in the epilepsies: a meta-analysis. Epilepsy Behav 2006;9:641–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UCB, Keppra package insert [prescribing information].
   Google Scholar
• Mula M, Sander JW. Negative effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood of patients with epilepsy. Drug Saf 2007;30:555–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mula M, Trimble MR, Yuen A, Liu RS, Sander JW. Psychiatric adverse events during levetiracetam therapy. Neurology 2003;61:704–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Statistical review and evaluation: antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. 23 May 2008. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-4372b1-01-FDA.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Faught RE, Weiner JR, Guerin A, Cunningham MC, Duh MS. Impact of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs on health care utilization and costs: findings from the RANSOM study. Epilepsia 2009;50:501–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourpak Z, Fazlollahi MR, Fatthi F. Understanding adverse drug reactions and drug allergies: principles, diagnosis and treatment aspects. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2008;2:24–46.
   Google Scholar
• Post RM, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Preliminary observations on the effectiveness of levetiracetam in the open adjunctive treatment of refractory bipolar. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;63:370–4.
   Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Langosch J, Born C, Schaub G, Walden J. Levetiracetam in the treatment of acute mania: an open, add-on study with an on-off-on design. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:781–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp LA. Safety and efficacy of levetiracetam for patients with panic disorder: results of an open-label, fixed-flexible dose study. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1573–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinrys G, Wygant LE, Pardo TB, Melo M. Levetiracetam for treatment-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:211–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer JA, de Rue K, Devinsky O, Edrich P, Trimble MR. A systematic review of the behavioral effects of levetiracetam in adults with epilepsy, cognitive disorders, or an anxiety disorder during clinical trials. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:124–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:239–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell GS, Sander JW. Suicide and epilepsy. Curr Opin Neurol 2009;22:174–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen J, Vestergaard M, Mortensen PB, Sidenius P, Agerbo E. Epilepsy and risk of suicide: a population-based case-control study. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:693–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:205–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thomson E, Brennenstuhl S. The association between depression and epilepsy in a nationally representative sample. Epilepsia 2009;50:1051–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JL, Elliott JO, Lu B, Klatte ET, Charyton C. Serious psychological distress among persons with epilepsy based on the 2005 California Health Interview Survey. Epilepsia 2009;50:1077–84.
   Google Scholar
• Stefansson SB, Olafsson E, Hauser WA. Psychiatric morbidity in epilepsy: a case controlled study of adults receiving disability benefits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:238–41.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human services. Food and Drug Administration. MedWatch: the FDA safety information and adverse event reporting program. 29 Sep 2010. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/default.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zdilar D, Franco-Bronson K, Buchler N, Locala JA, Younossi ZM. Hepatitis C, interferon alfa, and depression. Hepatology 2000;31:1207–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull PR, D'Arcy C. Isotretinoin use and subsequent depression and suicide. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4:493–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J. Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:332–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The smoking cessation aids varenicline (marketed as Chantix) and bupropion (marketed as Zyban and generics). FDA Drug Saf Newsletter 2009;2:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• FDA Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee. Clinical Review of Safety and Efficacy. In: Rimonabant briefing document [FDA Briefing Document No. NDA-21-888]. 2007. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/briefing/2007-4306b1-fda-backgrounder.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kanner AM. Suicidality and epilepsy: a complex relationship that remains misunderstood and underestimated. Epilepsy Curr 2009;9:63–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent DA, Crumrine PK, Varma RR, Allan M, Allman C. Phenobarbital treatment and major depressive disorder in children with epilepsy. Pediatrics 1987;80:909–17.
   Google Scholar
• Kalinin VV, Polyansky DA. Gender differences in risk factors of suicidal behavior in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2005;6:424–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JR, Walczak TS, Leppik IE, Discontinuation of levetiracetam because of behavioral side effects: a case-control study. Neurology 2003;61:1218–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneeweiss S, Avorn J. Antipsychotic agents and sudden cardiac death—how should we manage the risk? N Engl J Med 2009;360:294–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Information for healthcare professionals: suicidal behavior and ideation and antiepileptic drugs. 3 Mar 2010. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm100192.htm
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. FDA news release. FDA requires warnings about risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior for antiepileptic medications. 18 Jun 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116991.htm
   Google Scholar
• Sisodiya SM, Sander JW, Patsalos PN. Carbamazepine toxicity during combination therapy with levetiracetam: a pharmacodynamic interaction. Epilepsy Res 2002;48:217–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carota A, Novy J, Rossetti AO. Symptomatic complex partial status epilepticus manifesting as utilization behavior of a mobile phone. Epilepsy Behav 2009;14:553–5.
   Google Scholar
• Henriquez SA, Brett R, Alexander J, Pratt J, Roberts CW. Neuropsychiatric disease and Toxoplasma gondii infection. Neuroimmunomodulation 2009;16:122–33. Epub 2009 Feb 11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-Fustes OJ, Marcourakis T, de Bittencourt PR. The clinical relevance of serial determinations of plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and sodium valproate. Rev Neurol 1999;28:1043–7.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze-Bonhage A, Feil B, Fauser S, Homberg V. [Levetiracetam in combined therapy for focal epilepsy: experience with 80 patients]. Nervenarzt 2004;75:749–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakken KO, Eriksson AS, Lossius R, Johannessen SI. A paradoxical effect of levetiracetam may be seen in both children and adults with refractory epilepsy. Seizure 2003;12:42–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szucs A, Clemens Z, Jakus R, The risk of paradoxical levetiracetam effect is increased in mentally retarded patients. Epilepsia 2008;49:1174–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kossoff EH, Dorward JL. The modified Atkins diet. Epilepsia 2008;49 suppl 8:37–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu L, Henry JC. New-onset partial epilepsy in adults. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2009;11:242–52.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Menachem E. Vagus-nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002;1:477–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar