Reconceptualizing Medication Adherence: Six Phases of Dynamic Adherence

REFERENCES

• Gearing RE, Mian IA, Sholonsky A, Developing a risk-model of time to first-relapse for children and adolescents diagnosed with psychotic disorders or mood disorders with psychotic features J Nerv Ment Dis 2009;197:6–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Council on Patient Information and Education. Children and medicines, Bethesda, MD: NCPIE, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Grahl C. Improving compliance: solving a $100 billion problem. Managed Health Care 1994:11–3.
   Google Scholar
• Levensky ER. Nonadherence to treatment. In: Fisher ER, O'Donohue WT, eds. Practitioner's guide to evidence-based psychotherapy. New York: Springer, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Mental health: a report of the surgeon general: executive summary. Rockville, MD: Dept. of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Gearing RE, Mian I, Charach A. Promoting adherence with children and adolescents with psychosis. Child Adol Psychopharm News 2008;13(1):5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes RB, McDonald H, Garg AXM, P. Interventions for helping patients to follow prescriptions for medications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (2):CD000011.
   Google Scholar
• Kyngas HA, Skaar-Chandler CA, Duffy ME. The development of an instrument to measure the compliance of adolescents with a chronic disease. J Adv Nurs 2000;32:1499–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med 2005;353:487–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleemput I, Kesteloot K, DeGeest S. A review of the literature on the economics of noncompliance. Room for methodological improvement. Health Policy 2002;59:65–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan J. Patient decision making: the missing ingredient in compliance research. INT J Tech Asst Health Care 1995;11:443–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson MH. The meaning of compliance: patient perspectives. Qual Health Res 1992;2:7–26.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes RB, Ackloo E, Sahota N, McDonald HP, Yao X. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (4):CD000011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick D, Haro JM, Suarez D, Perez V, Dittmann RW, Haddad PM. Predictors and clinical consequences of non-adherence with antipsychotic medication in the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2010;176:109–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velligan DI, Lam YF, Glahn DC, Defining and assessing adherence to oral antipsychotics: a review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bull 2006;32:724–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WR. Motivation for treatment: a review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychol Bull 1985;98:84–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 1992;47:1102–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiClemente CC, Nidecker M, Bellack AS. Motivation and the stages of change among individuals with severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008;34:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karter AJ, Parker MM, Moffet HH, Ahmed AT, Schmittdiel JA, Selby JV. New prescription medication gaps: a comprehensive measure of adherence to new prescriptions. Health Ser Res 2009;44:1640–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah NR, Hirsch AG, Zacker C, Taylor S, Wood GC, Stewart W. Factors associated with first-fill adherence rates for diabetic medications: a cohort study. J Gen Inter Med 2009;24:233–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah NR, Hirsch AG, Zacker C, Predictors of first-fill adherence for patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2009;22:392–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bambauer KZ, Soumerai SB, Adams AS, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D. Provider and patient characteristics associated with antidepressant nonadherence: the impact of provider specialty. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:867–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy J, Tuleu I, Mackay K. Unfilled prescriptions of medicare beneficiaries: prevalence, reasons, and types of medicines prescribed. J Mana Care Pharm 2008;14:553–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairman KA, Teitelbaum F, Drevets WC, Engquist G, Kreisman JJ, Norusis MJ. Course of antidepressant treatment with tricyclic versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor agents: a comparison in managed care and fee-for-service environments. Am J Manage Care 1997;3:453–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moisan J, Gregoire JP. Patterns of discontinuation of atypical antipsychotics in the province of Quebec: a retrospective prescription claims database analysis. Clin Ther 2010;2 suppl 1:S21–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Dolder CR, Leckband SG, Jeste DV. Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia: a comprehensive review of recent literature. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:892–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango C, Bombín I, González-Salvador T, García-Cabeza I, Bobes J. Randomised clinical trial comparing oral versus depot formulations of zuclopenthixol in patients with schizophrenia and previous violence. Eur Psychiat 2006;21:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Wang M, Li J, Phillips MR. Randomised-control trial of family intervention for 78 first-episode male schizophrenic patients. An 18-month study in Suzhou, Jiangsu. Brit J Psychiat 1994;165:96–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J, Scott J. Predicting medication adherence in severe mental disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000;101:119–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallefoss E, Bakke PS, Kjaersgaard P. Quality of life assessment after patient education in a randomized controlled study on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Resp Crit Care Medicine 1999;159:812–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamali M, Kelly BD, Clarke M, A prospective evaluation of adherence to medication in first episode schizophrenia. Eur Psychiat 2006;21:29–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan JC, Rogers R. Medication compliance in patients with chronic schizophrenia: implications for the community management of mentally disordered offenders. J Forensic Sci 1998;43:1133–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaddy M, Grogg A, Locklear J. Assessment of compliance with antipsychotic treatment and resource utilization in a Medicaid population. Clin Ther 2005;27:263–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry A, Batey RG. Enhancing compliance not a prerequisite for effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori: the HelP study. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:811–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick ID, Berg PH. Time to study discontinuation, relapse, and compliance with atypical or conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia and related disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;1765–8.
   Google Scholar
• Samet JH, Horton NJ, Meli S, A randomized controlled trial to enhance antiretroviral therapy adherence in patients with a history of alcohol problems. Antivir Ther 2005;10:83–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquez CE, Casado MJ, Corchado AY, Efficacy of an intervention to improve treatment compliance in hyperlipidemias. Atencion Primaria 2004;33:443–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper C, Bebbington P, King M, Why people do not take their psychotropic drugs as prescribed: results of the 2000 National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007;116:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder K, Fahey T, Hollinghurst S, Peters TJ. Nurse-led adherence support in hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Fam Pract 2005;22:144–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte G, Ferrari R, Guarneri L, Calzeroni A, Sacchetti E. Reducing the ‘‘revolving door’’ phenomenon. Am J Psychiat 1996;153:1512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenton WS, Blyler CR, Heinssen RK. Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: empirical and clinical findings. Schizophrenia Bull 1997;23:637–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden PJ, Olfson M. Cost of relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1995;21:419–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden P, Glazer W. Assessment and treatment selection for “revolving door” inpatients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q 1997;68:377–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coldham EL, Addington J. D. A. Medication adherence of individuals with a first episode of psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;106:286–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giron M, Gomez-Beneyto M. Relationship between empathic family attitude and relapse in schizophrenia: a 2-year follow-up prospective study. Schizophr Bull 1998;24:619–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Bilder RM, Hinrichsen GA, Lieberman JA. Predictors of medication discontinuation by patients with first-episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophr Res 2002;57:209–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal MR, Sharma VK, Kishore Kumar KV, Lowe D. Non-compliance with treatment in patients suffering from schizophrenia: a study to evaluate possible contributing factors. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1998;44:92–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampman O, Laippala P, Vaananen J, Indicators of medication compliance in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2002;110:39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann TV, Boardman G, Clark E. Risk profiles for non-adherence to antipsychotic medications. J Psychiat Ment Health Nurs 2008;15:622–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association American Psychiatric Association. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:596–601.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton AH, Balon R. The impact of mental illness and psychotropic medications on sexual functioning: the evidence and management. J Sex Med 2009;6:1200–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick D, Haro JM, Bertsch J, Haddad PM. Incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharm 2010;30:531–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameroff AJ, Chandler MJ. Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In: Horowitz FD, Hetherington M, Scarr-Salapatek S, Siegal G, eds. Review of child development research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975:187–244.
   Google Scholar
• Sameroff AJ, MacKenzie MJ. Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible. Dev Psychopathol 2003;15:613–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner U. The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott RA, Shinogle JA, Peele P, Bhosle M, Hughes DA. Understanding medication compliance and persistence from an economics perspective. Value Health 2008;11:600–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman DP, Joyce GF, Zheng Y. Prescription drug cost sharing: Associations with medication and medical utilization and spending and health. JAMA 2007;298:61–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West JC, Wilk JE, Rae DS, Medicaid prescription drug policies and medication access and continuity: findings from ten states. Psychiatr Serv 2009;60:601–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette JD, Heisler M, Wagner TH. Cost-related medication underuse: do patients with chronic illnesses tell their doctors? Arch Internal Med 2004;164:1749–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilbur K. Resident physician and hospital pharmacist familiarity with patient discharge medication costs. Pharm World Sci 2009;31:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers AS, Miller S, Murphy DA, Tanney M, Fortune T. The TREAT (Therapeutic Regimens Enhancing Adherence in Teens) program: theory and preliminary results. J Adolesc Health 2001;29:30–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voruganti LNP, Awad AG. Personal evaluations of transitions in treatment (PETiT): a scale to measure subjective aspects of antipsychotic drug therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002;56:37–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voruganti LNP, Awad AG. Is neuroleptic dysphoria a variant of drug-induced extrapyramidal side effects? Can J Psychiat 2004;49:285–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voruganti LNP, Awad AG. Neuroleptic dysphoria: towards a new synthesis. Psychpharmacology 2004;171:121–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voruganti LNP, Slomka P, Zabel P, Subjective effects of AMPT-induced dopamine depletion in schizophrenia: correlation between dysphoric responses and striatal D2 binding ratios on SPECT imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;25:642–50.
   Google Scholar
• Mizrahi R, Rusjan P, Agid O, Adverse subjective experience with antipsychotics and its relationship to striatal and extrastriatal D2 receptors: a PET study in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiat 2007;164:630–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS, Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychol 1994;13:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolnierek KBH, DiMatteo MR. Physician communication and patient adherence to treatment: a meta-analysis. Med Care 2009;47:826–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piette JD, Neisler M, Krein S, Kerr EA. The role of patient-physician trust in moderating medication nonadherence due to cost pressures. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1749–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles C, Gafni A, Whelan T. Shared decision-making in the medical encounter: what does it mean? (Or it takes at least two to tango). Soc Sci Med 1997;44:681–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravitz RL, Epstein RM, Feldman MD, Influence of patients’ requests for direct-to-consumer advertised antidepressants. JAMA 2005;293:1995–2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clatworthy J, Bowskill R, Parham R, Rank T, Scott J, Horne R. Understanding medication non-adherence in bipolar disorders using a necessity-concerns framework. J Affect Disord 2009;116:51–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aikens JE, Nease DE, Nau DP, Klinkman MS, Schwenk TL. Adherence to maintenance-phase antidepressant medication as a function of patient beliefs about medication. Ann Fam Med 2005;2:23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Libby AM, Brent DA, Morrato EH, Orton HD, Allen R, Valuck RJ. Decline in treatment of pediatric depression after FDA advisory on risk of suicidality with SSRIs. Am J Psychiat 2003;160:973–8; 2007;164:884–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudd MD, Cordero L, Bryan CJ. What every psychologist should know about the Food and Drug Administration's black box warning label for antidepressants. Prof Psychol Res Pract 2009;40:321–6.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall RD, Posner K, Greenhill L. Risk perception research and the black box warning for SSRIs in children. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiat 2006;45:765.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG. Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis 2004;24:311–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch SH, Barry CL. Pediatric antidepressant use after the black-box warning. Health Affairs 2009;28:724–33.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ. The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide. Am J Psychiat 2006;163:1898–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridge JA, Greenhouse JB, Weldon AH, Campo JV, Kelleher KJ. Suicide trends among youths aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, 1996–2005. JAMA 2008;300:1025–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert M, Conus P, Cotton S, Robinson J, McGorry PD, Schimmelmann BG. Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of long-term refusal of antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;30:565–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohammed S, Rosenheck R, McEvoy J, Swartz M, Stroup S, Lieberman JA. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between insight and attitudes toward medication and clinical outcomes in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2009;35:336–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young DA, Davila R, Scher H. Unawareness of illness and neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1993;10:117–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiler MA, Fleisher MH, McArthur-Campbell D. Insight and symptom change in schizophrenia and other disorders. Schizophr Res 2000;45:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp DA. Is it me or my meds? Living with antidepressants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers A, Day JC, Williams B, The meaning and management of neuroleptic medication: a study of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Soc Sci Med 1998;47:1313–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield PJ. Poison or cure: meanings of medication in schizophrenia. J Am Acad Psychoanal Dyn Psychiatry 2007;35:189–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tutter A. Medication as object. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2006;54:781–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favre S, Huguelet MA, Vogel S, Gonzalez MA. Neuroleptic compliance in a cohort of first episode schizophrenics: a naturalistic study. Eur J Psychiat 1997;11:35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ramana R, Paykel ES, Surtees PG, Melzer D, Mehta MA. Medication received by patients with depression following the acute episode: adequacy and relation to outcome. Brit J Psychiatry 1999;174:128–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott J, Pope M. Self-reported adherence to treatment with mood stabilizers, plasma levels, and psychiatric hospitalization. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1927–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohler NL, Walkup J, McAlpine D, Boyer C, Olfson M. Antipsychotic dosage at hospital discharge and outcomes among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:1258–63 [see comment].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar