21
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Late-Life Suicide: A Review

&
Pages 55-65 | Received 10 Dec 1996, Accepted 05 Feb 1997, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • Kochanek K D, Hudson B L. Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1992. NCHS Mon Vital Stat Rep 1995; 43(6)23
  • McIntosh J L. USA suicide: 1992 official final data. American Association of Suicidology, Washington, DC 1995
  • McIntosh J L, Santos J F, Hubbard R W, Overholser J C. Elder suicide: research, theory and treatment. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 1994
  • Manton K G, Blazer D G, Woodbury M A. Suicide in middle age and later life: sex and race specific life table and cohort analyses. J Gerontol 1987; 42: 219–27
  • Pollinger-Haas A, Hendin H. Suicide among older people projections for the future. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1983; 13: 147–54
  • Osgood N J, Brant B A. Suicidal behavior in long-term care facilities. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1990; 20: 113–22
  • Mościcki E K. Epidemiology of suicide. Suicide and aging: international perspectives, J L Pearson, Y Conwell. Springer, New York 1996; 3–14
  • Pandey G N, Pandey S C, Dwivedi Y, Sharma R P, Janicak P G, Davis J M. Platelet serotonin-2A receptors: a potential biological marker for suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 850–5
  • Mann J J, Arango V. Integration of neurobiology and psychopathology in a unified model of suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12: 2S–7S, (2 suppl)
  • Winchel R M, Stanley B, Stanley M. Biochemical aspects of suicide. Suicide over the life cycle: risk factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients, S J Blumenthal, D J Kupfer. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1990; 97–126
  • Bunney W E, Jr, Fawcett J A. Possibility of a biochemical test for suicidal potential. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965; 13: 232–9
  • Bunney W E, Jr, Fawcett J A, Davis J M, Gifford S. Further evaluation of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in suicidal patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 21: 138–50
  • Ostroff R, Giller E, Bonese K, Ebersole E, Harkness L, Mason J. Neuroendocrine risk factors of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1323–5
  • Prasad A J. Neuroendocrine differences between violent and nonviolent parasuicides. Neuropsychobiology 1985; 13: 157–9
  • Åsberg M, Schalling D, Träskman-Bendz L, Wägner A. Psychobiology of suicide, impulsivity, and related phenomena. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress, H Y Meltzer. Raven, New York 1987; 655–68
  • Krieger G. The plasma level of cortisol as a predictor of suicide. Dis Nerv Syst 1974; 35: 237–40
  • Banki C M, Arató M. Amine metabolites and neuroendocrine responses related to depression and suicide. J Affect Disord 1983; 5: 223–32
  • Banki C M, Arató M, Papp Z, Kurcz M. Biochemical markers in suicidal patients: investigations with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites and neuroendocrine tests. J Affect Disord 1984; 6: 341–50
  • Brooksbank B W, Brammall M A, Cunningham A E, Shaw D M, Camps F E. Estimation of corticosteroids in human cerebral cortex after death by suicide, accident, or disease. Psychol Med 1972; 2: 56–65
  • Träskman L, Tybring G, Åsberg M, Bertilsson L, Lantto O, Schalling D. Cortisol in the CSF of depressed and suicidal patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 761–7
  • Shaw D M, Camps F E, Eccleston E G. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the hind-brain of depressive suicides. Br J Psychiatry 1967; 113: 1407–11
  • Bourne H R, Bunney W E, Jr, Colburn R W, Davis J M, Davis J N, Shaw D M, et al. Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hindbrains of suicidal patients. Lancet 1968; 2: 805–8
  • Pare C MB, Yeung D PH, Price K, Stacey R S. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, and dopamine in brainstem, hypothalamus, and caudate nucleus of controls and of patients committing suicide by coal-gas poisoning. Lancet 1969; 2: 133–5
  • Beskow J, Gottfries C G, Roos B E, Winblad B. Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: post mortem studies in a group of suicides and in a control group. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 53: 7–20
  • Lloyd K G, Farley I J, Deck J HN, Hornykiewicz O. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brainstem of suicide victims and control patients. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1974; 11: 387–97
  • Mann J J, McBride P A, Stanley M. Postmortem monoamine receptor and enzyme studies in suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 487: 114–21
  • Korpi E R, Kleinman J E, Goodman S I, Phillips I, De Lisi L E, Linnoila M, et al. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in brains of suicide victims: comparison in chronic schizophrenic patients with suicide as cause of death. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 594–600
  • Åsberg M, Thorén P, Träskman L, Bertilsson L, Ringberger V. “Serotonin depression”-a biochemical subgroup within the affective disorders?. Science 1976; 191: 478–80
  • Åsberg M, Träskman L, Thorén P. 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical suicide predictor?. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1193–7
  • Träskman L, Åsberg M, Bertilsson L, Sjöstrand L. Monoamine metabolites in CSF and suicidal behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 631–6
  • Åsberg M, Nordström P, Träskman-Bendz L. Cerebrospinal fluid studies in suicide: an overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 487: 243–55
  • Ågren H. Symptom patterns in unipolar and bipolar depression correlating with monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid, II: Suicide. Psychiatry Res 1980; 3: 225–36
  • Träskman-Bendz L, Åsberg M, Schalling D. Scrotonergic function and suicidal behavior in personality disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 487: 168–74
  • Ninan P T, Van Kammen D P, Scheinin M, Linnoila M., Bunney W E, Jr, Goodwin F K. CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in suicidal schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 566–9
  • Van Praag H M. CSF 5-HIAA and suicide in non-depressed schizophrenics. Lancet 1983; 1: 977–8
  • Banki C M, Arató M, Papp Z, Kurcz M. The effect of dexamethasone on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and cortisol in psychiatric patients. Pharmacopsychiatria 1983; 16: 77–81
  • Brown G L, Ebert M H, Goyer P F, Jimerson D C, Klein W J, Bunney W E, et al. Aggression, suicide, and serotonin: relationships to CSF amine metabolites. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 741–6
  • Gardner D L, Lucas P B, Cowdry R W. CSF metabolites in borderline personality disorder compared with normal controls. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 247–54
  • Brown G L, Goodwin F K, Ballenger J C, Goyer P F, Major L F. Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid metabolites. Psychiatry Res 1979; 1: 131–9
  • Coccaro E F, Siever L J, Klar H M, Maurer G, Cochrane K, Cooper T B, et al. Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders: correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 587–99, [Correction 1990;47:124.]
  • Linnoila M, Virkkunen M, Scheinin M, Nuutila A, Rimon R, Goodwin F K. Low cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration differentiates impulsive from nonimpulsive violent behavior. Life Sci 1983; 33: 2609–14
  • Virkkunen M, De Jong J, Bartko J, Goodwin F K, Linnoila M. Relationship of psychobiological variables to recidivism in violent offenders and impulsive fire setters: a follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 600–3
  • Virkkunen M, Nuutila A, Goodwin F K, Linnoila M. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels in male arsonists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44: 241–7
  • Virkkunen M, De Jong J, Bartko J, Linnoila M. Psychobiological concomitants of history of suicide attempts among violent offenders and impulsive fire setters. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 604–6
  • Secunda S K, Cross C K, Koslow S, Katz M M, Kocsis J, Maas J W, et al. Biochemistry and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21: 756–67
  • Berrettini W H, Nurnberger J I, Narrow W. Cerebrospinal fluid studies of bipolar patients with and without a history of suicide attempts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 487: 197–201
  • Åsberg M, Bertilsson L, Mårtensson B, Scalia-Tomba G P, Thorén P, Träskman-Bendz L. CSF monoamine metabolites in melancholia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984; 69: 201–19
  • Roy-Byrne P, Post R M, Rubinow D R, Linnoila M, Savard R, Davis D. CSF 5-HIAA and personal and family history of suicide in affectively ill patients: a negative study. Psychiatry Res 1983; 10: 263–74
  • Goodwin F K. Suicide, aggression and depression: a theoretical framework for future research. Psychobiology of suicidal behavior, J J Mann, M Stanley. New York Academy of Sciences, New York 1986; 351–6
  • Stanley M, Virgilio J, Gershon S. Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the frontal cortex of suicides. Science 1982; 216: 1337–9
  • Rehavi M, Skolnick P, Paul S M. Characterization of high-affinity antidepressant binding to rat and human brain. L Gram, E Usdin. Macmillan, LondonEngland 1985; 846–53, Proceedings of the third international meeting on clinical pharmacology in psychiatry
  • Post S M, Rehavi Skolnick M. P, Goodwin F K. High affinity binding of antidepressants to biogenic amine transport sites in human brain and platelet: studies in depression. Neurobiology of mood disorders, R M Post, J C Ballenger. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1984; 846–53
  • Perry E K, Marshall E F, Blessed G, Tomlinson B E, Perry R H. Decreased imipramine binding in the brains of patients with depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 142: 188–92
  • Crow T J, Cross A J, Cooper S J, Deakin J F, Ferrier I N, Johnson J A, et al. Neurotransmitter receptors and monoamine metabolites in the brains of patients with Alzheimertype dementia and depression, and suicides. Neuropharmacology 1984; 23: 1561–9
  • Meyerson L R, Wennogle L P, Abel M S, Coupet J, Lippa A S, Rauh C E, et al. Human brain receptor alterations in suicide victims. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 17: 159–63
  • Owen F, Chambers D R, Cooper S J, Crow T J, Johnson J A, Lofthouse R, et al. Serotonergic mechanisms in brains of suicide victims. Brain Res 1986; 362: 185–8
  • Gross-Isseroff R, Israeli M, Biegon A. Autoradiographic analysis of tritiated imipramine binding in the human brain post mortem: effects of suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 237–41
  • Stanley M, Mann J J. Increased serotonin-2 binding sites in frontal cortex of suicide victims. Lancet 1983; 1: 214–6
  • Arora R C, Meltzer H Y. Serotonergic measures in the brains of suicide victims: 5-HT2 binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims and control subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 730–6
  • Mann J J, Stanley M, McBride P A, McEwen B S. Increased serotonin2β-adrenergic receptor binding in the frontal cortices of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 954–9
  • Arango V, Ernsberger P, Marzuk P M, Chen J S, Tierney H, Stanley M, et al. Autoradiographic demonstration of increased serotonin 5HT2 and beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the brain of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 1038–47
  • Ferrier I N, McKeith I G, Cross A J, Perry E K, Candy J, Perry M. RH. Postmortem neurochemical studies in depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 487: 128–42
  • Mann J J, Arango V, Marzuk P, Theccanat M. S, Reis D J. Evidence for the 5-HT hypothesis of suicide: a review of post-mortem studies. Br J Psychiatry 1989; 155: 7–14, (suppl 8)
  • Marazziti D, De Leo D, Conti L. Further evidence supporting the role of the serotonin system in suicidal behavior: a preliminary study of suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80: 322–4
  • Cheetham S C, Crompton M R, Katona C LE, Horton R W. Brain 5-HT2 receptor binding sites in depressed suicide victims. Brain Res 1988; 443: 272–80
  • Owen F, Cross A J, Crow T J, Deakin J FW, Ferrier I N, Loft-house R, et al. Brain 5-HT2 receptors and suicide [Letter]. Lancet 1983; 2: 1256
  • Arango V, Underwood M D, Mann J J. Alterations in monoamine receptors in the brain of suicide victims. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 12: 8S–12S, (2 suppl)
  • Andres A H, Rao M L, Ostrowitzki S, Entzian W. Human brain cortex and platelet serotonin2 receptor binding properties and their regulation by endogenous serotonin. Life Sci 1993; 52: 313–21
  • Pandey G N, Pandey S C, Janicak P G, Marks R C, Davis J M. Platelet serotonin-2 receptor binding sites in depression and suicide. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 215–22
  • Arora R C, Meltzer H Y. Increased serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor binding as measured by 3H-lysergic acid diethylamide (3H-LSD) in the blood platelets of depressed patients. Life Sci 1989; 44: 25–34
  • Biegon A, Essar N, Israeli M, Elizur A, Bruch S, Bar-Nathan A A. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor binding on blood platelets as a state dependent marker in major affective disorder. Psychopharmacology 1990; 102: 73–5
  • Biegon A, Weizman A, Karp L, Ram A, Tiano S, Wolff M. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor binding on blood platelets—a peripheral marker for depression?. Life Sci 1987; 41: 2485–92
  • Biegon A, Israeli M. Regionally selective increases in β-adrenergic receptor density in the brains of suicide victims. Brain Res 1988; 442: 199–203
  • Arango V, Ernsberger P, Marzuk P, Stanley M, Reis D J, Mann J J. Quantitative autoradiography demonstrates increased total and high-affinity β-adrenergic receptor binding in cerebral cortex of suicide victims [Abstract]. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1988; 14: 171
  • De Paermentier F, Cheetham S C, Crompton M R, Katona C LE, Horton R W. Brain β-adrenoceptor binding sites in antidepressant-free depressed suicide victims. Brain Res 1990; 525: 71–7
  • Stockmeyer C A, Meltzer H Y. β-Adrenergic receptor binding in frontal cortex of suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 29: 183–91
  • Stanley M. Cholinergic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1432–6
  • Kaufmann C A, Gillin J C, Hill B, O'Laughlin T, Phillips I, Kleinman J E, et al. Muscarinic binding in suicides. Psychiatry Res 1984; 12: 47–55
  • Roy A, Ågren H, Pickar D, Linnoila M, Doran A R, Cutler N R, et al. Reduced CSF concentrations of homovanillic acid and homovanillic acid to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratios in depressed patients: relationship to suicidal behavior and dexamethasone nonsuppression. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 1539–45
  • Roy A, De Jong J, Linnoila M. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and suicidal behavior in depressed patients: a 5-year follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 609–12
  • Ågren H, Mefford I N, Rudorfer M V, Linnoila M, Potter W Z. Interacting neurotransmitter systems: a non-experimental approach to the 5HIAA-HVA correlation in human CSF. J Psychiatr Res 1986; 20: 175–93
  • Nordström P, Samuelsson M, Åsberg M, Träskman-Bendz L, Åberg-Wistedt A, Nordin C, et al. CSF 5-HIAA predicts suicide risk after attempted suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1994; 24: 1–9
  • Jones J S, Stanley B, Mann J J, Frances A J, Guido J R, Träskman-Bendz L, et al. CSF 5-HIAA and HVA concentrations in elderly depressed patients who attempted suicide. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1225–7
  • Van Praag H M. Biological suicide research: outcome and limitations. Biol Psychiatry 1986; 21: 1305–23
  • Heikkinen M E, Isometsä E T, Aro H M, Sarna S J, Lönnqvist J K. Age-related variation in recent life events preceding suicide. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183: 325–31
  • Rich C L, Warsradt G M, Nemiroff R A, Fowler R C, Young D. Suicide, stressors, and the life cycle. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 524–7
  • Carney S S, Rich C L, Burke P A, Fowler R C. Suicide over 60: the San Diego study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42: 174–80
  • Conwell Y, Rotenberg M, Caine E D. Completed suicide at age 50 and over. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38: 640–4
  • Sainsbury P. Suicide in London. Chapman & Hall, London 1955
  • Sainsbury P. Suicide in the middle and later years. Aging around the world: medical and clinical aspects of aging, H T Blumenthal. Columbia University Press, New York 1962; 97–105
  • Sainsbury P. Social and epidemiological aspects of suicide with special reference to the aged. Processes of aging: social and psychological perspectives, R H Williams, C Tibbitts, W Donahue. Atherton, New York 1963; vol 2: 153–75
  • Robins E, Murphy G E, Wilkinson R H, Gassner S, Kayes J. Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. Am J Public Health 1959; 48: 888–99
  • Dorpat T L, Anderson W F, Ripley H S. The relationship of physical illness to suicide. Suicidal behaviors: diagnosis and management, H LP Resnik. Little, Brown, Boston 1968; 209–19
  • Chynoweth R, Tonge J I, Armstrong J. Suicide in Brisbane-a retrospective psychosocial study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1980; 14: 37–45
  • Mackenzie T B, Popkin M K. Suicide in the medical patient. Int J Psychiatry Med 1987; 17: 3–22
  • Robins E. The final months: a study of the lives of 134 persons who committed suicide. Oxford University Press, OxfordEngland 1981
  • Darbonne A R. Suicide and age: a suicide note analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 1969; 33: 46–50
  • Jarvis G K, Boldt M. Suicide in the later years. Essence 1980; 4: 144–58
  • Kwan A YH. Suicide among the elderly: Hong Kong. J Appl Gerontol 1988; 7: 248–59
  • Whitlock F A. Suicide and physical illness. Suicide, A Roy. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1986; 151–70
  • Chia B H. Suicide and the generation gap. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1979; 2: 194–208
  • Chynoweth R. Suicide in the elderly. Crisis 1981; 2: 106–16
  • Kontaxakis V P, Christodoulou G N, Mavreas V, Havaki G., Kontaxaki B J. Attempted suicide in psychiatric outpatients with concurrent physical illness. Psychother Psychosom 1988; 50: 201–6
  • Lester D, Beck A T. Age differences in patterns of attempted suicide. Omega 1974; 5: 317–22
  • Lyness J M, Conwell Y, Nelson J C. Suicide attempts in elderly psychiatric inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 320–4
  • Sendbuehler J M, Goldstein S. Attempted suicide among the aged. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977; 25: 245–8
  • Stenager E N, Stenager E. Suicide and patients with neurologic diseases: methodologic problems. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 1296–303
  • Sadovnick A D, Eisen K, Ebers G C, Paty D W. Causes of death in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics. Neurology 1991; 41: 1193–6
  • Stenager E N, Stenager E, Koch-Henriksen N, Bronnum-Hansen H, Hyllested K, Jensen K, et al. Suicide and multiple sclerosis: an epidemiological investigation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 542–5
  • Leibowitz U, Kahana E, Alter M. Survival and death in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1969; 92: 115–30
  • Henriksen P B, Juul-Jensen P, Lund M. The mortality of epileptics. International Congress of Life Assurance Medicine: life assurance medicine, R BC Brackenridge. Pittman, London 1970; 139–48
  • Zielenski J J. Mortality and cause of death of epileptics. Epilepsia 1974; 15: 191–201
  • White S J, McLean A EM, Howard C. Anticonvulsant drugs and cancer. Lancet 1979; 2: 458–61
  • Ivanainen M, Lehtinen J. Causes of death in institutionalized epileptics. Epilepsia 1979; 30: 485–92
  • Farrer L A. Suicide and attempted suicide in Huntington's disease: implications for preclinical testing of persons at risk. Am J Med Genet 1986; 24: 305–11
  • Saugstad L, Ødegård Ø. Huntington's chorea in Norway. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 39–48
  • Schoenfeld M, Myers R H, Cupples L A, Berkman B, Sax D S, Clark E. Increased rate of suicide among patients with Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 1283–7
  • Reed T E, Chandler J H. Huntington's chorea in Michigan. Am J Hum Genet 1958; 10: 201–25
  • Nyquist R H, Bors E. Mortality and survival in traumatic myelopathy during nineteen years from 1946 to 1965. Paraplegia 1967; 5: 22–48
  • Geisler W O, Jousee A T, Wynne-Jones M. Survival in traumatic transverse myelitis. Paraplegia 1977; 14: 262–75
  • Geisler W O, Jousee A T, Wynne-Jones M, Breithaupt D. Survival in traumatic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1983; 21: 364–73
  • Le C T, Price M. Survival from spinal cord injury. J Chronic Dis 1982; 35: 487–92
  • Frisbie J H, Kache A. Increasing survival and changing causes of death in myelopathy patients. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1983; 6: 51–6
  • De Vivo M J, Black K J, Richards J S, Stover S L. Suicide following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1991; 29: 620–7
  • Achté K A, Lönnqvist J, Hillbom E. Suicides following war brain injuries. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1971; 47: 3–94, (suppl 225)
  • Vauhkonen K. Suicide among the male disabled with war injuries to the brain. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1959; 34: 90–1, (suppl 137)
  • Lewin W, Marshall T F, Roberts A H. Long-term outcome after severe head injury. BMJ 1979; 2: 1533–8
  • Knop J, Fischer A. Duodenal ulcer, suicide, psychopathology and alcoholism. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981; 63: 346–55
  • Viskum K. Ulcer, attempted suicide and suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1975; 51: 221–7
  • Pokorny A D. Characteristics of forty-four patients who subsequently committed suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1960; 2: 314–23
  • Horton-Deutsch S L, Clark D C, Farran C J. Chronic dyspnea and suicide in elderly men. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992; 43: 1198–203
  • Farberow N, Ganzler S, Cutter F, Reynolds D. An eight year survey of hospital suicides. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1971; 1: 184–202
  • Glickman L. Psychiatric consultation in the general hospital. Marcel Dekker, New York 1980
  • Pollack S. Suicide in the general hospital. Clues to suicide, E Schneidman, N Farberow. McGraw-Hill, New York 1957; 152
  • Schneidman E, Farberow N, Litman R. The psychology of suicide. Science House, New York 1970
  • Shapiro S, Waltzer H. Successful suicides and serious attempts in a general hospital over a 15-year period. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1980; 2: 118–26
  • Farberow N L, McKelligott J W, Cohen S, Darbonne A. Suicide among patients with cardiorespiratory illnesses. JAMA 1966; 195: 422–8
  • Salmon J A, Hajek P T, Rachut E, Mackenzie T B, Popkin M K. Mortality conference: suicide of an “appropriately” depressed medical inpatient. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1982; 4: 307–13
  • Dubovsky S L. Averting suicide in terminally ill patients. Pychosomatics 1978; 19: 113–5
  • Breitbart W. Cancer pain and suicide. Adv Pain Res Ther 1990; 16: 399–412
  • Fishbain D A. Chronic pain and suicide [Letter]. Psychother Psychosom 1995; 63: 54–5
  • Campbell P C. Suicide among cancer patients. Conn Health Bull 1966; 80: 207–12
  • Louhivuori K A, Hakama M. Risk of suicide among cancer patients. Am J Epidemiol 1979; 109: 59–65
  • Fox B H, Stanek S, Boyd S C, Flannery J T. Suicide rates among cancer patients in Connecticut. J Chronic Dis 1982; 35: 89–100
  • Whitlock F A. Suicide, cancer and depression. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 132: 269–74
  • Marshall J R, Burnett W, Brasure J. On precipitating factors: cancer as a cause of suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1983; 13: 15–27
  • Farberow N L, Schneidman E S, Leonard C V. Suicide among general medical and surgical hospital patients with malignant neoplasms. Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans Administration, Washington, DC 1963; 1–11, medical bulletin 9
  • Bolund C. Suicide and cancer, I: demographic and social characteristics of cancer patients who committed suicide in Sweden, 1973-1976. J Psychosoc Oncol 1985; 3: 17–30
  • Bolund C. Suicide and cancer, II: medical and care factors in suicides by cancer patients in Sweden, 1973-1976. J Psychosoc Oncol 1985; 3: 31–52
  • Filiberti A, Ripamonti C, Saita L, De Conno F, Maino E. Frequency of suicide by cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute of Milan over 1986-90 [Letter]. Ann Oncol 1991; 2: 610
  • Hietanen P, Lönnqvist J. Cancer and suicide. Ann Oncol 1991; 2: 19–23
  • Shaffer D. Suicide: risk factors and the public health. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 171–2
  • Katz I R. On the inseparability of mental and physical health in aged persons: lessons from depression and medical comorbidity. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996; 4: 1–16
  • Krishnan K RR. Neuroanatomic substrates of depression in the elderly. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1993; 1: 39–58
  • Coffey C E, Figiel G S, Djang W T, Weiner R D. Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 187–9
  • Murphy G K. Cancer and the coroner. JAMA 1977; 237: 786–8
  • Conwell Y, Caine E D, Olsen K. Suicide and cancer in late life. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990; 41: 1334–9
  • Brown J H, Henteleff P, Barakat S, Rowe C J. Is it normal for terminally ill patients to desire death?. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 208–11
  • Conwell Y, Olsen K, Caine E D, Flannery C. Suicide in later life: psychological autopsy findings. Int Psychogeriatr 1991; 3: 59–66
  • Gurland B J, Cross P S, Katz S. Epidemiological perspectives on opportunities for treatment of depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry 1996; 4: S7–13, (suppl 1)
  • Gallo J J, Anthony J C, Muthén B O. Age differences in the symptoms of depression: a latent trait analysis. J Gerontol 1994; 49(6)P251–64
  • Myers J K, Weissman M M, Tischler G L, Holzer C E, Leat P J, Orvaschel H, et al. Six month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 959–67
  • Newmann J P. Aging and depression. Psychol Aging 1989; 4: 150–65
  • Wells K B, Burnam M A, Rogers W, Hays R, Camp P. The course of depression in adult outpatients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 788–94
  • Broadhead E W, Tse C KJ, Sigmon A, et al. Services outcomes of minor depression in primary care. Presented at the 44th Annual Scientific Assembly of the American Academy of Family Physicians. July, 301992
  • Jaffee A, Froom J, Galambos N. Minor depression and functional impairment. Arch Fam Med 1994; 3: 1081–6
  • Schneidman E S, Farberow N L. Sample investigations of equivocal suicidal deaths. The cry for help, N L Farberow, E S Schneidman. McGraw-Hill, New York 1961; 118–28
  • Barraclough B M. Suicide in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1971; 6: 87–97, (special suppl)
  • Miller M. Geriatric suicide: the Arizona Study. Gerontologist 1978; 18: 488–95
  • Conwell Y, Brent D. Suicide and aging, I: Patterns of psychiatric diagnosis. Suicide and aging: international perspectives, J L Pearson, Y Conwell. Springer, New York 1990; 15–30
  • Dorpat T L, Ripley H S. A study of suicide in the Seattle area. Compr Psychiatry 1960; 1: 349–59
  • Carlson G A. More analysis of Eli Robins' suicide data [Letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 323
  • Draper B. Suicidal behaviour in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1994; 9: 655–61
  • Nieto E, Vieta E, Lazaro L, Gasto C, Cirera E. Serious suicide attempts in the elderly. Psychopathology 1992; 25: 183–8
  • Carlson G A, Rich C L, Grayson P, Fowler R C. Secular trends in psychiatric diagnoses of suicide victims. J Affect Disord 1991; 21: 127–32
  • Gardner E A, Bahn A K, Mack M. Suicide and psychiatric care in the aging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1964; 10: 547–53
  • Conwell Y. Suicide in elderly patients. Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: results of the NIH Consensus Development Conference, L S Schneider, C F Reynolds, B D Lebowitz, A J Friedhoff. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994; 397–418
  • Lönnqvist J, Achté K. Follow-up study of the attempted suicides among the elderly in Helsinki in 1973-1979. Crisis 1985; 6: 10–8
  • Duberstein P R. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Suicide and aging: international perspectives, J L Pearson, Y Conwell. Springer, New York 1996; 49–64
  • McIntire M S, Angle C R. The taxonomy of suicide and self-poisoning: a pediatric perspective. Self-destructive behavior in children and adolescents, C F Wells, I R Stuart. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1981; 224–49
  • Curran D K. Adolescent suicidal behavior. Hemisphere, New York 1987
  • Parkin D, Stengel E. Incidence of suicidal attempts in an urban community. BMJ 1965; 2: 133–8
  • Stenback A. Depression and suicidal behavior in old age. Handbook of mental health and aging, J E Birren, R B Sloane. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1980; 616–52
  • McIntosh J L. Suicide prevention in the elderly (age 65–99). Suicide Life Threat Behav 1995; 25: 180–92
  • Dew M A, Bromet E J, Brent D, Greenhouse J B. A quantitative literature review of the effectiveness of suicide prevention centers. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987; 55: 239–44
  • Osgood N J. Suicide in the elderly. Aspen, Rockville, Maryland 1985
  • German P S, Shapiro S, Skinner E A. Mental health of the elderly: use of health and mental health services. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 246–52
  • Felton B J. The aged: settings, services and needs. Reaching the underserved: mental health needs of neglected populations, L R Snowden. Sage, Beverly Hills 1982; 23–42
  • Gatz M, Smyer M A. The mental health system and older adults in the 1990s. Am Psychol 1992; 47: 741–51
  • Lasoski M C. Reasons for low utilization of mental health services by the elderly. Clinical gerontology: a guide to assessment and intervention, T L Brink. Haworth, New York 1986; 1–18
  • McIntosh J L, Hubbard R W, Santos J F. Suicide among the elderly: a review of issues with case studies. J Gerontol Soc Work 1981; 4: 68–74
  • Redick R W, Taube C A. Demography of mental health care of the aged. Handbook of mental health and aging, J E Birren, R B Sloane. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1980; 57–71
  • De Leo D, Carollo G, Dello Buono M. Lower suicide rates associated with a Tele-Help/Tele-Check service for the elderly at home. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 632–4
  • De Leo D, Rozzini R, Bernardini M, Zucchetto M, Gallato R, Villa A, et al. Assessment of quality of life in the elderly assisted at home through a Tele-Check service. Qual Life Res 1992; 1: 367–74

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.