Recent advances in hydrogen research as a therapeutic medical gas

References

• Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Katsura K, Katayama Y, Asoh S, Ohta S. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med 2007;13: 688–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strocchi A, Levitt MD. Maintaining intestinal H2 balance: credit the colonic bacteria. Gastroenterology 1992;102: 1424–1426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levitt MD, Bond JH, Jr. Volume, composition, and source of intestinal gas. Gastroenterology 1970;59:921–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider AR, Jepp K, Murczynski L, Biniek U, Stein J. The inulin hydrogen breath test accurately reflects orocaecal transit time. Eur J Clin Invest 2007;37:802–807.
   Google Scholar
• Di Camillo M, Marinaro V, Argnani F, Foglietta T, Vernia P. Hydrogen breath test for diagnosis of lactose malabsorption: the importance of timing and the number of breath samples. Can J Gastroenterol 2006;20:265–268.
   Google Scholar
• Lembcke B, Honig M, Caspary WF. Different actions of neomychin and metronidazole on breath hydrogen (H2) exhalation. Z Gastroenterol 1980;18:155–160.
   Google Scholar
• Sahakian AB, Jee SR, Pimentel M. Methane and the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis Sci 2009;[Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 1977;41: 100–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blaut M. Metabolism of methanogens. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1994;66:187–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao A, Sugimoto R, Billiar TR, McCurry KR. Therapeutic antioxidant medical gas. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009;44: 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George JF, Agarwal A. Hydrogen: another gas with therapeutic potential. Kidney Int 2010;77:85–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kajiyama S, Hasegawa G, Asano M, Hosoda H, Fukui M, Nakamura N, Kitawaki J, Imai S, Nakano K, Ohta M, Adachi T, Obayashi H, Yoshikawa T. Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Nutr Res 2008;28:137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie K, Yu Y, Pei Y, Hou L, Chen S, Xiong L, Wang G. Protective effects of hydrogen gas on murine polymicrobial sepsis via reducing oxidative stress and HMGB1 release. Shock 2010;34:90–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Q, Kang Z, Cai J, Liu W, Liu Y, Zhang JH, Denoble PJ, Tao H, Sun X. Hydrogen-rich saline protects myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009;234:1212–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao YF, Zheng XF, Cai JM, You XM, Deng XM, Zhang JH, Jiang L, Sun XJ. Hydrogen-rich saline reduces lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;381:602–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XL, Zhang Q, Zhao R, Medford RM. Superoxide, H2O2, and iron are required for TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 gene expression in endothelial cells: role of Rac1 and NADPH oxidase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;286: 1001–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsky DJ, Naka Y, Chowdhury NC, Liao H, Oz MC, Michler RE, Kubaszewski E, Malinski T, Stern DM. The nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in organ transplantation: critical role in successful lung preservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12086–12090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao A, Kaczorowski DJ, Wang Y, Cardinal JS, Buchholz BM, Sugimoto R, Tobita K, Lee S, Toyoda Y, Billiar TR, McCurry KR. Amelioration of rat cardiac cold ischemia/reperfusion injury with inhaled hydrogen or carbon monoxide, or both. J Heart Lung Transplant 2010;29:544–553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gharib B, Hanna S, Abdallahi OM, Lepidi H, Gardette B, De Reggi M. Anti-inflammatory properties of molecular hydrogen: investigation on parasite-induced liver inflammation. C R Acad Sci III 2001;324:719–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Sano M, Hayashida K, Ohsawa I, Ohta S, Fukuda K. Are the effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors on cardiovascular events related to elevated levels of hydrogen gas in the gastrointestinal tract? FEBS Lett 2009;583:2157–2159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraini JH, Gardette-Chauffour MC, Martinez E, Rostain JC, Lemaire C. Psychophysiological reactions in humans during an open sea dive to 500 m with a hydrogen-helium-oxygen mixture. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1113–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal JS, Zhan J, Wang Y, Sugimoto R, Tsung A, McCurry KR, Billiar TR, Nakao A. Oral hydrogen water prevents chronic allograft nephropathy in rats. Kidney Int 2009;77: 101–109.
   Google Scholar
• Nakashima-Kamimura N, Mori T, Ohsawa I, Asoh S, Ohta S. Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009;64: 753–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Kang Z, Liu K, Liu W, Li R, Zhang JH, Luo X, Sun X. Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen saline in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model. Brain Res 2009;1256:129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata K, Nakashima-Kamimura N, Mikami T, Ohsawa I, Ohta S. Consumption of molecular hydrogen prevents the stress-induced impairments in hippocampus-dependent learning tasks during chronic physical restraint in mice. Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;34:501–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima W, Ishida A, Lange MS, Gabrielson KL, Wilson MA, Martin LJ, Blue ME, Johnston MV. Apoptosis has a prolonged role in the neurodegeneration after hypoxic ischemia in the newborn rat. J Neurosci 2000;20: 7994–8004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Kang Z, Liu WW, Luo X, Qiang S, Zhang JH, Ohta S, Sun X, Xu W, Tao H, Li R. Hydrogen therapy reduces apoptosis in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model. Neurosci Lett 2008;441:167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matchett GA, Fathali N, Hasegawa Y, Jadhav V, Ostrowski RP, Martin RD, Dorotta IR, Sun X, Zhang JH. Hydrogen gas is ineffective in moderate and severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat models. Brain Res 2009;1259:90–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr A, Frei B. Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J 1999;13:1007–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato Y, Kajiyama S, Amano A, Kondo Y, Sasaki T, Handa S, Takahashi R, Fukui M, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Fujinawa H, Mori T, Ohta M, Obayashi H, Maruyama N, Ishigami A. Hydrogen-rich pure water prevents superoxide formation in brain slices of vitamin C-depleted SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;375:346–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita K, Seike T, Yutsudo N, Ohno M, Yamada H, Yamaguchi H, Sakumi K, Yamakawa Y, Kido MA, Takaki A, Katafuchi T, Tanaka Y, Nakabeppu Y, Noda M. Hydrogen in drinking water reduces dopaminergic neuronal loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2009;4:e7247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Ito M, Fujita Y, Ichihara M, Masuda A, Suzuki Y, Maesawa S, Kajita Y, Hirayama M, Ohsawa I, Ohta S, Ohno K. Molecular hydrogen is protective against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2009;453:81–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglielmotto M, Tamagno E, Danni O. Oxidative stress and hypoxia contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: two sides of the same coin. Sci World J 2009;9:781–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klafki HW, Staufenbiel M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2006;129:2840–2855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Wang C, Zhang JH, Cai JM, Cao YP, Sun XJ. Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease by reduction of oxidative stress. Brain Res 2010;1328:152–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Chen Q, Mao Y, Xu S, Xia C, Shi X, Zhang JH, Yuan H, Sun X. Hydrogen-rich saline protects against spinal cord injury in rats. Neurochem Res 2010;35:1111–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashida K, Sano M, Ohsawa I, Shinmura K, Tamaki K, Kimura K, Endo J, Katayama T, Kawamura A, Kohsaka S, Makino S, Ohta S, Ogawa S, Fukuda K. Inhalation of hydrogen gas reduces infarct size in the rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;373:30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight RJ, Dikman S, Liu H, Martinelli GP. Cold ischemic injury accelerates the progression to chronic rejection in a rat cardiac allograft model. Transplantation 1997;64: 1102–1107.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka M, Mokhtari GK, Terry RD, Gunawan F, Balsam LB, Hoyt G, Lee KH, Tsao PS, Robbins RC. Prolonged cold ischemia in rat cardiac allografts promotes ischemia-reperfusion injury and the development of graft coronary artery disease in a linear fashion. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:1906–1914.
   Google Scholar
• Stocker R, Keaney JF, Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004;84:1381–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohsawa I, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Ishikawa M, Ohta S. Consumption of hydrogen water prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;377:1195–1198.
   Google Scholar
• Kolovou G, Anagnostopoulou K, Mikhailidis DP, Cokkinos DV. Apolipoprotein E knockout models. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:338–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura T, Henson PM, Murphy RC. Occurrence of oxidized metabolites of arachidonic acid esterified to phospholipids in murine lung tissue. Anal Biochem 1998; 262:23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimi N, Ikura Y, Sugama Y, Kayo S, Ohsawa M, Yamamoto S, Inoue Y, Hirata K, Itabe H, Yoshikawa J, Ueda M. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine in alveolar macrophages in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Lung 2005;183:109–121.
   Google Scholar
• Whidden MA, McClung JM, Falk DJ, Hudson MB, Smuder AJ, Nelson WB, Powers SK. Xanthine oxidase contributes to mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction. J Appl Physiol 2009;106: 385–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem RA, van Woensel JB, Bos AP, Koski A, Farnand AW, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF, Martin TR, Matute-Bello G. Mechanical ventilation enhances lung inflammation and caspase activity in a model of mouse pneumovirus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009;296: 46–56.
   Google Scholar
• Matsushima H, Yonemura K, Ohishi K, Hishida A. The role of oxygen free radicals in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rats. J Lab Clin Med 1998;131:518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solez K, Colvin RB, Racusen LC, Sis B, Halloran PF, Birk PE, Campbell PM, Cascalho M, Collins AB, Demetris AJ, Drachenberg CB, Gibson IW, Grimm PC, Haas M, Lerut E, Liapis H, Mannon RB, Marcus PB, Mengel M, Mihatsch MJ, Nankivell BJ, Nickeleit V, Papadimitriou JC, Platt JL, Randhawa P, Roberts I, Salinas-Madriga L, Salomon DR, Seron D, Sheaff M, Weening JJ. Banff ‘05 meeting report: differential diagnosis of chronic allograft injury and elimination of chronic allograft nephropathy (‘CAN’). Am J Transplant 2007;7: 518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda K, Asoh S, Ishikawa M, Yamamoto Y, Ohsawa I, Ohta S. Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion through reducing oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;361:670–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiya M, Sato K, Silva MJ, Ouhara K, Do PM, Shanmugam KT, Kawai T. Hydrogen from intestinal bacteria is protective for Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;386:316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu TZ, Lee KT, Chern CL, Cheng JT, Stern A, Tsai LY. Free radical-triggered hepatic injury of experimental obstructive jaundice of rats involves overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and enhanced activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2001;31:383–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Shen W, Sun H, Fan D, Nakao A, Cai J, Yan G, Zhou W, Shen R, Yang J, Sun X. Hydrogen-rich saline protects against liver injury in rats with obstructive jaundice. Liver Int 2010; May 21. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Tani S, Itoh H, Okabayashi Y, Nakamura T, Fujii M, Fujisawa T, Koide M, Otsuki M. New model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by excessive doses of arginine in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Sun YP, Li Y, Liu WW, Xiang HG, Fan LY, Sun Q, Xu XY, Cai JM, Ruan CP, Su N, Yan RL, Sun XJ, Wang Q. Hydrogen-rich saline ameliorates the severity of l-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;393:308–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicalese L, Sileri P, Green M, Abu-Elmagd K, Kocoshis S, Reyes J. Bacterial translocation in clinical intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 2001;71:1414–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akcakaya A, Alimoglu O, Sahin M, Abbasoglu SD. Ischemia-reperfusion injury following superior mesenteric artery occlusion and strangulation obstruction. J Surg Res 2002; 108:39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz CC, Lindell SL, Mangino MJ, Carey HV. Hibernation confers resistance to intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;291:895–901.
   Google Scholar
• Buchholz BM, Kaczorowski DJ, Sugimoto R, Yang R, Wang Y, Billiar TR, McCurry KR, Bauer AJ, Nakao A. Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates oxidative stress in transplantation induced intestinal graft injury. Am J Transplant 2008;8: 2015–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapper ML, Cooper HS, Chang WC. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis-associated neoplasia: a promising model for the development of chemopreventive interventions. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007;28:1450–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper HS, Murthy SN, Shah RS, Sedergran DJ. Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis. Lab Invest 1993;69:238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajiya M, Silva MJ, Sato K, Ouhara K, Kawai T. Hydrogen mediates suppression of colon inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;386:11–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen H, Sun YP, Hu PF, Liu WW, Xiang HG, Li Y, Yan RL, Su N, Ruan CP, Sun XJ, Wang Q. The effects of hydrogen-rich saline on the contractile and structural changes of intestine induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Surg Res 2009; Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Mao Y, Cai J, Li Y, Liu W, Sun P, Zhang JH, Sun X, Yuan H. Hydrogen-rich saline protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Free Radic Res 2009;43:478–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddymasu SC, Sostarich S, McCallum RW. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: are there any predictors? BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3503–3506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes WF. Quantitation of ischemic damage in the rat retina. Exp Eye Res 1991;53:573–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oharazawa H, Igarashi T, Yokota T, Fujii H, Suzuki H, Machide M, Takahashi H, Ohta S, Ohsawa I. Protection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen: administration of hydrogen-loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:487–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita D, Jiang HY, Schacht J, Miller JM. Delayed production of free radicals following noise exposure. Brain Res 2004;1019:201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikkawa YS, Nakagawa T, Horie RT, Ito J. Hydrogen protects auditory hair cells from free radicals. Neuroreport 2009;20:689–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh T, Fujita Y, Ito M, Masuda A, Ohno K, Ichihara M, Kojima T, Nozawa Y. Molecular hydrogen suppresses FcepsilonRI-mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;389:651–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004;109:433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O, Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004;114: 1752–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holvoet P, Lee DH, Steffes M, Gross M, Jacobs DR, Jr. Association between circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein and incidence of the metabolic syndrome. JAMA 2008;299:2287–2293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao A, Toyoda Y, Sharma P, Evans M, Guthrie N. Effectiveness of hydrogen rich water on antioxidant status of subjects with potential metabolic syndrome-an open label pilot study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010;46:140–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswal S, Remick DG. Sepsis: redox mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9: 1959–1961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Zhou J, Cai J, Zhu Z, Sun X, Jiang C. Anti-inflammation effects of hydrogen saline in LPS activated macrophages and carrageenan induced paw oedema. Inflamm Res 2010;In press.
   Google Scholar
• Maulik N, Das DK. Redox signaling in vascular angiogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:1047–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther S, Ruhe C, Derikito MG, Bose G, Sauer H, Wartenberg M. Polyphenols prevent cell shedding from mouse mammary cancer spheroids and inhibit cancer cell invasion in confrontation cultures derived from embryonic stem cells. Cancer Lett 2007;250:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka Y, Iwagaki H, Kimura T, Fuchimoto S, Orita K. Effect of reactive oxygen intermediates on the in vitro invasive capacity of tumor cells and liver metastasis in mice. Int J Cancer 1993;54:983–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole M, Wilson FR, Fife WP. Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy: a possible treatment for cancer. Science 1975;190:152–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh Y, Yoshimura Y, Nakano K, Miwa N. Platinum nanocolloid-supplemented hydrogendissolved water inhibits growth of human tongue carcinoma cells preferentially over normal cells. Exp Oncol 2009;31:156–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramachandran A, Madesh M, Balasubramanian KA. Apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium: its relevance in normal and pathophysiological conditions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15:109–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian L, Cao F, Cui J, Huang Y, Zhou X, Liu S, Cai J. Radioprotective effect of hydrogen in cultured cells and mice. Free Radic Res 2010;44:275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayalaxmi, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Herman TS, Thomas CR, Jr. Melatonin as a radioprotective agent: a review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;59:639–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Cui J, Sun Q, Cai J. Hydrogen therapy may be an effective and specific novel treatment for acute radiation syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2009;74:145–146.
   Google Scholar
• Saitoh Y, Harata Y, Mizuhashi F, Nakajima M, Miwa N. Biological safety of neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water upon mutagenicity, genotoxicity and subchronic oral toxicity. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:203–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar