Different mechanisms of hydroxyl radical production susceptible to purine P2 receptor antagonists between carbon monoxide poisoning and exogenous ATP in rat striatum

References

• Motterlini R, Otterbein LE. The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010;9:728–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma DR, Mulay S, Chemtob S. Carbon monoxide: from public health risk to painless killer. In: Gupta RC (ed.). Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. New York: Academic Press; 2009. pp. 271–292.
   Google Scholar
• Ginsberg MD. Carbon monoxide. In: Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH (eds). Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicity. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1980. pp. 374–394.
   Google Scholar
• Choi IS, Cheon HY. Delayed movement disorders after carbon monoxide poisoning. Eur Neurol 1999;42:141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale SD, Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Bigler ED, Booth EJ, Blatter DD. MRI, quantitative MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological findings following carbon monoxide poisoning. Brain Inj 1999;13:229–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Donnell P, Buxton PJ, Pitkin A, Jarvis LJ. The magnetic resonance imaging appearances of the brain in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Clin Radiol 2000;55:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson NB, Hauff NM. Carboxyhemoglobin levels in carbon monoxide poisoning: do they correlate with the clinical picture? Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:665–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst A, Zibrak JD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1603–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tofighi R, Tillmark N, Daré E, Aberg AM, Larsson JE, Ceccatelli S. Hypoxia-independent apoptosis in neural cells exposed to carbon monoxide in vitro. Brain Res 2006; 1098:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, et al. Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med 2007;13:688–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Q, Cai J, Zhou J, Tao H, Zhang JH, Zhang W, Sun XJ. Hydrogen-rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon monoxide toxicity. Crit Care Med 2011;39:765–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen MH, Cai JM, Sun Q, Zhang DW, Huo ZL, He J, Sun XJ. Neuroprotective effect of hydrogen-rich saline in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013;19:361–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara S, Mukai T, Kurosaki K, Kuriiwa F, Endo T. Characterization of hydroxyl radical generation in the striatum of free-moving rats due to carbon monoxide poisoning, as determined by in vivo microdialysis. Brain Res 2004;1016: 281–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara S, Mizukami H, Kurosaki K, Kuriiwa F, Mukai T. Existence of a threshold for hydroxyl radical generation independent of hypoxia in rat striatum during carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch Toxicol 2011;85:1091–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara S, Mizukami H, Kuriiwa F, Mukai T. cAMP production mediated through P2Y(11)-like receptors in rat striatum due to severe, but not moderate, carbon monoxide poisoning. Toxicology 2011;288:49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Kügelgen I. Pharmacological profiles of cloned mammalian P2Y-receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Ther 2006;110: 415–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogh J, Wihlborg AK, Isackson H, Joshi BV, Jacobson KA, Arner A, Erlinge D. Phospholipase C and cAMP-dependent positive inotropic effects of ATP in mouse cardiomyocytes via P2Y11-like receptors. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2005;39: 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talasila A, Germack R, Dickenson JM. Characterization of P2Y receptor subtypes functionally expressed on neonatal rat cardiac myofibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2009;158:339–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara S, Kobayashi M, Kuriiwa F, Mukai T, Mizukami H. Dual contradictory roles of cAMP signaling pathways in hydroxyl radical production in the rat striatum. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52:1086–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amadio S, D'Ambrosi N, Trincavelli ML, Tuscano D, Sancesario G, Bernadi G, et al. Differences in the neurotoxicity profile induced by ATP and ATP S in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Int 2005;47:334–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melani A, Turchi D, Vannucchi MG, Cipriani S, Gianfriddo M, Pedata F. ATP extracellular concentrations are increased in the rat striatum during in vivo ischemia. Neurochem Int 2005;47: 442–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke H, Krügel U, Illes P. P2 receptors and neuronal injury. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol 2006;452:622–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JK, Kim J, Choi SH, Oh YJ, Lee YB, Kim SU, Jin BK. ATP-induced in vivo neurotoxicity in the rat striatum via P2 receptors. Neuroreport 2002;13:1611–1615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullmann H, Meis S, Hongwiset D, Marzian C, Wiese M, Nickel P, et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of suramin-derived P2Y11 receptor antagonists with nanomolar potency. J Med Chem 2005;48:7040–7048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildman SS, Brown SG, Rahman M, Noel CA, Churchill L, Burnstock G, et al. Sensitization by extracellular Ca(2+) of rat P2X(5) receptor and its pharmacological properties compared with rat P2X(1). Mol Pharmacol 2002;62:957–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, King BF, Dunn PM, Rong W, Townsend-Nicholson A, Burnstock G. Coexpression of P2X(3) and P2X(2) receptor subunits in varying amounts generates heterogeneous populations of P2X receptors that evoke a spectrum of agonist responses comparable to that seen in sensory neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;296:1043–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baqi Y, Hausmann R, Rosefort C, Rettinger J, Schmalzing G, Müller CE. Discovery of potent competitive antagonists and positive modulators of the P2X2 receptor. J Med Chem 2011;54:817–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bo X, Zhang Y, Nassar M, Burnstock G, Schoepfer R. A P2X purinoceptor cDNA conferring a novel pharmacological profile. FEBS Lett 1995;375:129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly-Roberts DL, Namovic MT, Han P, Jarvis MF. Mammalian P2X7 receptor pharmacology: comparison of recombinant mouse, rat and human P2X7 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2009;157:1203–1214.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett GC, Ford AP, Smith JA, Emmett CJ, Webb TE, Boarder MR. P2Y receptor regulation of cultured rat cerebral cortical cells: calcium responses and mRNA expression in neurons and glia. Brit J Pharmacol 2003;139:279–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildman SS, Unwin RJ, King BF. Extended pharmacological profiles of rat P2Y2 and rat P2Y4 receptors and their sensitivity to extracellular H+ and Zn2+ ions. Brit J Pharmacol 2003;140:1177–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buell G, Lewis C, Collo G, North RA, Surprenant A. An antagonist-insensitive P2X receptor expressed in epithelia and brain. EMBO J 1996;15:55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collo G, North RA, Kawashima E, Merlo-Pich E, Neidhart S, Surprenant A, Buell G. Cloning of P2X5 and P2X6 receptors and the distribution and properties of an extended family of ATP-gated ion channels. J Neurosci 1996;16:2495–2507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CA, Vial C, Sellers LA, Humphrey PP, Evans RJ, Chessell IP. Functional regulation of P2X6 receptors by N-linked glycosylation: identification of a novel alpha beta-methylene ATP-sensitive phenotype. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 65:979–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibell AD, Thompson KM, Xing M, Humphrey PP, Michel AD. Complexities of measuring antagonist potency at P2X(7) receptor orthologs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;296:947–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Kügelgen I, Wetter A. Molecular pharmacology of P2Y-receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2000;362: 310–323.
   Google Scholar
• Rettinger J, Schmalzing G, Damer S, Müller G, Nickel P, Lambrecht G. The suramin analogue NF279 is a novel and potent antagonist selective for the P2X(1) receptor. Neuropharmacology 2000;39:2044–2053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang LH, Mackenzie AB, North RA, Surprenant A. Brilliant blue G selectively blocks ATP-gated rat P2X(7) receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2000;58:82–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bo X, Jiang LH, Wilson HL, Kim M, Burnstock G, Surprenant A, North RA. Pharmacological and biophysical properties of the human P2X5 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2003;63:1407–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SG, King BF, Kim YC, Jang SY, Burnstock G, Jacobson KA. Activity of Novel Adenine Nucleotide Derivatives as Agonists and Antagonists at Recombinant Rat P2X Receptors. Drug Dev Res 2000;49:253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King BF, Wildman SS, Ziganshina LE, Pintor J, Burnstock G. Effects of extracellular pH on agonism and antagonism at a recombinant P2X2 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 1997;121: 1445–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CC, Akopian AN, Sivilotti L, Colquhoun D, Burnstock G, Wood JN. A P2X purinoceptor expressed by a subset of sensory neurons. Nature 1995;377:428–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto F, Garcia-Guzman M, Gomez-Hernandez JM, Hollmann M, Karschin C, Stühmer W. P2X4: an ATP-activated ionotropic receptor cloned from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:3684–3688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi H, Yamaoka K, Urabe S, Kudo Y. ATP-induced currents carried through P2X7 receptor in rat myometrial cells. Reprod Sci 2012;19:1285–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Andrés E, Fernández-Rodriguez M, González M, Zubiaga A, Vallejo A, García I, et al. Activation of phospholipase D-2 by P2X(7) agonists in rat submandibular gland acini. J Lipid Res 2002;43:1244–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel AD, Chambers LJ, Walter DS. Negative and positive allosteric modulators of the P2X7 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2008;153:737–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann H. Extracellular metabolism of ATP and other nucleotides. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2000; 362:299–309.
   Google Scholar
• Jaquet V, Scapozza L, Clark RA, Krause KH, Lambeth JD. Small-molecule NOX inhibitors: ROS-generating NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009;11:2535–2552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diatchuk V, Lotan O, Koshkin V, Wikstroem P, Pick E. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride and related compounds. J Biol Chem 1997;272:13292–13301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church WH, Rappolt G. Nigrostriatal catecholamine metabolism in guinea pigs is altered by purine enzyme inhibition. Exp Brain Res 1999;127:147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurenza A, Khandelwal Y, De Souza NJ, Rupp RH, Metzger H, Seamon KB. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase by water- soluble analogues of forskolin. Mol Pharmacol 1987;32: 133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shea SD, Smith IM, McCabe OM, Cronin MM, Walsh DM, O'Connor WT. Intracerebroventricular administration of amyloid β-protein oligomers selectively increases dorsal hippocampal dialysate glutamate levels in the awake rat. Sensors 2008;8:7428–7437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kaur H, Terelius Y, Persson JO, Halliwell B. Hydroxylation of salicylate by microsomal fractions and cytochrome P-450. Lack of production of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate unless hydroxyl radical formation is permitted. Biochem J 1991;276:753–757.
   Google Scholar
• Teismann P, Ferger B. The salicylate hydroxylation assay to measure hydroxyl free radicals induced by local application of glutamate in vivo or induced by the Fenton reaction in vitro. Brain Res Protoc 2000;5:204–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Globus MY, Busto R, Lin B, Schnippering H, Ginsberg MD. Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J Neurochem 1995;65:1250–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kil HY, Zhang J, Piantadosi CA. Brain temperature alters hydroxyl radical production during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996;16:100–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Globus MY, Alonso O, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Ginsberg MD. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: effects of posttraumatic hypothermia. J Neurochem 1995;65:1704–1711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Themann C, Teismann P, Kuschinsk K, Ferger B. Comparison of two independent aromatic hydroxylation assays in combination with intracerebral microdialysis to determine hydroxyl free radicals. J Neurosci Methods 2001;108:57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia XG, Schmidt N, Teismann P, Ferger B, Schulz JB. Dopamine mediates striatal malonate toxicity via dopamine transporter-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species and D2 but not D1 receptor activation. J Neurochem 2001;79: 63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obata T. Nitric oxide and MPP+-induced hydroxyl radical generation. J Neural Transm 2006;113:1131–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancelot E, Revaud ML, Boulu RG, Plotkine M, Callebert JA. Microdialysis study investigating the mechanisms of hydroxyl radical formation in rat striatum exposed to glutamate. Brain Res 1998;809:294–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvathenani LK, Tertyshnikova S, Greco CR, Roberts SB, Robertson B, Posmantur R. P2X7 mediates superoxide production in primary microglia and is up-regulated in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2003;278:13309–13317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurányi Z, Sperlágh B, Vizi ES. Involvement of P2 purinoceptors and the nitric oxide pathway in [3H]purine outflow evoked by short-term hypoxia and hypoglycemia in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res 1999;823:183–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillis JW, O'Regan MH, Perkins LM. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate release from the normoxic and hypoxic in vivo rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett 1993;151:94–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostandy BB. The role of glutamate in neuronal ischemic injury: the role of spark in fire. Neurol Sci 2012;33: 223–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues RJ, Almeida T, Richardson PJ, Oliveira CR, Cunha RA. Dual presynaptic control by ATP of glutamate release via facilitatory P2X1, P2X2/3, and P2X3 and inhibitory P2Y1, P2Y2, and/or P2Y4 receptors in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 2005;25:6286–6295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing J, Lu J, Li J. Purinergic P2X receptors presynaptically increase glutamatergic synaptic transmission in dorsolateral periaqueductal gray. Brain Res 2008;1208:46–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Desbois A, Jiang S, Hou ST. P2 receptor antagonist PPADS confers neuroprotection against glutamate/NMDA toxicity. Neurosci Lett 2005;377:97–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damer S, Niebel B, Czeche S, Nickel P, Ardanuy U, Schmalzing G, et al. NF279: a novel potent and selective antagonist of P2X receptor-mediated responses. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;350:R5–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coddou C, Yan Z, Obsil T, Huidobro-Toro JP, Stojilkovic SS. Activation and regulation of purinergic P2X receptor channels. Pharmacol Rev 2011;63:641–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Deken X, Wang D, Many MC, Costagliola S, Libert F, Vassart G, et al. Cloning of two human thyroid cDNAs encoding new members of the NADPH oxidase family. J Biol Chem 2000;275:23227–23233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiano S, Fusco R, Morano A, De Mizio M, Paternò R, De Rosa A, et al. Reactive oxygen species regulate the levels of dual oxidase (Duox1–2) in human neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012;7:e34405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigutto S, Hoste C, Grasberger H, Milenkovic M, Communi D, Dumont JE, et al. Activation of dual oxidases Duox1 and Duox2: differential regulation mediated by camp-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2009;284:6725–6734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar