EPR Spin Trapping Study of the Decomposition of Azo Compounds in Aqueous Solutions by Ultrasound: Potential for Use as Sonodynamic Sensitizers for Cell Killing

References

• Yumita N., Nishigaki R., Umemura K., Umemura S. Hematoporphyrin as sensitizer of cell-damaging effect of ultrasound. Japanese Jou rnal of Cancer Research 1989; 80: 219–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yumita N., Nishigaki R., Umemura K., Umemura S. Synergistic effect of ultrasound and hematoporphyrin on sarcoma 180. Japanese journal of Cancer Research 1990; 81: 304–308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umemura S., Yumita N., Nishigaki R. Enhancement of ultrasonically induced cell damage by galliumporphyrin complex, ATX-70. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 1993; 84: 582–588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessel D., Jeffers R., Fowlkes J. B., Cain C. Porphyrin-induced enhancement of ultrasound cytotoxicity. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1994; 66: 221–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yumita N., Okumura A., Nishigaki R., Umemura K., Umemura S. The combination treatment of ultrasound and antitumor drugs on Yoshida Sarcoma. Japanese Journal of Hyperthermic Oncology 1987; 3: 175–182
   Google Scholar
• Saad A. H., Hahn G. M. Ultrasound enhanced drug toxicity on Chinese hamster ovary cells in Vitro. Cancer Research 1989; 49: 5931–5934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison G. H., Balcer-Kubiczek E. K., Eddy H. A. Potentiation of chemotherapy by low-levels of ultrasound. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1991; 59: 1453–1466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Haar G., Loverock P. H., Hill C. R. Synergistic effects between ultrasound and some common chemotherapeutic agents. Ultrasonics 1992; 30: 115–116
   Google Scholar
• Saad A. H., Hahn G. M. Ultrasound-enhanced effects of adriamycin against murine tumors. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 1992; 18: 715–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffers R. J., Feng R. Q., Fowlkes J. B., Hunt J. W., Kessel D., Cain C. A. Dimethylformamide as an enhancer of cavitation-induced cell lysis. in vitro. Journal of the Acoustical Society America 1995; 97: 669–676
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mišík V., Riesz P. Peroxyl radical formation in aqueous solutions of N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, and dimethylsulf oxide by ultrasound: implications for sonosensitized cell killing. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1995; 20: 129–138
   Google Scholar
• Engel P. S. Mechanism of the thermal and photochemical decomposition of azoalkanes. Chemical Reviews 1980; 80: 99–150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leffler J. E. An Introduction to Free Radicals. John Wiley. 1993, & Sons, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Niki E. Free radical initiators as source of water- or lipid- soluble peroxyl radicals. Methods in Enzymology, L. Packer, A. N. Glazer. Academic Press, New York 1990; vol. 186: 100–108
   Google Scholar
• Krishna M. C., Dewhirst M. W., Friedman H. S., Cook J. A., DeGraaf W., Samuni A., Russo A., Mitchell J. B. Hyperthermic sensitization by the radical initiator 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). I. In vitro studies. International Journal of Hyperthermia 1994; 10: 271–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynynen K. Biophysics and technology of ultrasound hyperthermia. Methods of External Hyperthermic Heating, Clinical Thermotogy Series, subseries Thermotherapy, M. Gautherie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 1990; 61–116
   Google Scholar
• Williams A. R. Ultrasound: Biological Effects and Potential Hazards. Academic Press, New York 1983
   Google Scholar
• Lizzi F. L., Mortimer A. J. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Bioeffects Report. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 1988; 7: S1–S38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li A. S. W., Cummings K. B., Roethling H. P., Buettner G. R., Chignell C. F. A spin trapping database implemented on the IBM PC/AT. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1988; 79: 140–142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janzen E. G., Krygsman P. H., Lindsay D. A., Haire D. L. Detection of alkyl, alkoxyl, and alkylperoxyl radicals from the thermolysis of azobis(isobutyronitrile) by ESR/spin trapping. Evidence for double spin adducts from liquid-phase chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Journal of theAmerican Chemical Society 1990; 112: 8279–8284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis G. N., Randall M. Thermodynamics, 2nd edition, K. S. Pitzer, L. Brewer. McGraw Hill, New York 1961, (revised by).
   Google Scholar
• Noltingk B. E., Neppiras E. A. (1950) Cavitation produced by ultrasonics. Proceedings of the Physical Society London. 1950. B63: 674–684
   Google Scholar
• Neppiras E. A., Noltingk B. E. (1950) Cavitation produced by ultrasonics: Theoretical considerations for the onset of cavitation. Proceedings of the Physical Society London. 1950. B63: 1032–1038
   Google Scholar
• Engel P. S., Wu W.-X. Thermolysis, photolysis and acid catalysis of an α-(dimethylamino)azoalkane. Amino stabilization of a carbon radical center. Journal of Organic Chemistry 1990; 55: 2720–2725
   Google Scholar
• Wold E., Brustad T. Pulse radiolytic investigation of reactions of diamine with hydrated electrons and OH-radicals. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1974; 25: 407–411
   Google Scholar
• Whillans D. W., Neta P. Radiation chemical studies of the sensitizer diamine. Radiation Research 1975; 64: 416–430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas J. K. Rates of reaction of the hydroxyl radical. Transactions of Faraday Society 1965; 61: 702–707
   Google Scholar
• Draganic Z. D., Draganic I. G. Studies on the formation of primary hydrogen atom yield (Gh) in the y radiolysis of water. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1972; 76: 2733–2737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfassi Z. B., Schuler R. H. Reaction of azide radicals with aromatic compounds. Azide as a selective oxidant. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1985; 89: 3359–3363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye M., Madden K. P., Fessenden R. W., Schuler R. H. Azide as a scavenger of hydrogen atoms. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1986; 90: 5397–5399
   Google Scholar
• Buxton G. V., Greenstock C. L., Helman W. P., Ross A. B. Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (OH/O-) in aqueous solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data 1988; 17: 513–886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasko A., Nuyken O., Voit B., Biskupi S. Azo compounds as spin traps in their photochemical decomposition. Tetrahedron Letters 1990; 31: 5737–5740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar