314
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Vaccination, Quarantine, and Hygiene: Korean Sex Slaves and No. 606 Injections During the Pacific War of World War II

Pages 1768-1802 | Published online: 06 Nov 2009

References

  • African Rights Working for Justice. (2004). Rwanda: broken bodies, torn spirits: living with genocide, rape and HIV/AIDS. Kigali, Rwanda: African Rights.
  • Alexander Fleming 1881–1955. (1998). PBS Online and WGBH. Retrieved on June 15, 2005, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmflem.html.
  • Amnesty International. (2003). Democratic Republic of Congo: children at war. New York, NY: Amnesty International.
  • Amnesty International. (2004a). Burundi: child soldiers—the challenge of demobilisation. New York, NY: Amnesty International.
  • Amnesty International. (2004b, AI Index: AFR 54/076/2004). Sudan, Darfur: rape as a weapon of war: sexual violence and its consequences. Amnesty International. Retrieved on June 15, 2005, from http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr540762004.
  • Amnesty International. (2004c). Democratic Republic of Congo: mass rape—time for remedies. New York City, NY: Amnesty International.
  • Amnesty International. (2004d). Liberia: demand justice for child soldiers. Amnesty International. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://web.amnesty.org/pages/lbr-170504-action-eng.
  • Asia-Pacific Conference. (2000). Asia-Pacific conference on the use of children as soldiers: conference report. Kathmandu, Nepal: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers.
  • Barenblatt, D. (2004). A plague upon humanity: the secret genocide of axis Japan's germ warfare operation. New York: HarperCollins.
  • BBC World Service Global Crime Report. (2007). The child soldiers of Sierra Leone. BBC World Service. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/soldiers1.shtml.
  • Becker, H. S. (1998). Tricks of the trade: how to think about your research while you're doing it. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Berdon, V., Flavin, J. (2002, 09 July). Syphilis in history. Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Retrieved on June 15, 2005, from http://poynter.indiana.edu/sas/lb/syphilis.html.
  • Bourdaghs, M. (1998). The disease of nationalism, the empire of hygiene. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique, 6(3):637–673.
  • Boyle, E. H. (2002). Female genital cutting: cultural conflict in the global community. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Chang, I. (1997). The rape of nanking: the forgotten holocaust of World War II. New York: Penguin.
  • Child Soldiers Youth Initiative. (2006). Virtue foundation. Retrieved on October 9, 2006, from www.virtuefoundation.org/cms/print.php.
  • Chinkin, C. (1994). Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law. European Journal of International Law, 5(1):326–341.
  • Ch'oe, M. (1995). Silent suffering. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: tes-timonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Choi, C. ( Ed.) (1997). Introduction. Positions: East Asia cultures critique (Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):v–xiv.
  • Chronology of Dates and Events. (2004). Washington Coalition for Comfort Women Issues, Inc. Retrieved on July 26, 2006, from http://www.comfort-women.org/v2/history.html.
  • Chung, C. S. (1997). The origin and development of the military sexual slavery problem in imperial Japan. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):219–254.
  • Comfort Women. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved on January 6, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_woman.
  • Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
  • Copelon, R. (1994). Surfacing gender: reconceptualizing crimes against women in time of war. In A. Stiglmayer ( Ed.), Mass rape: the war against women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Dettwyler, K. A. (1994). Dancing skeletons: life and death in West Africa. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Diken, B., Laustsen, C. B. (2005). Becoming abject: rape as a weapon of war. Body & Society, 11(1):111–128.
  • Dower, J. (1986). War without Mercy: race and power in the Pacific War. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Ehrlich, P. (1998). Ehrlich finds cure for syphilis 1909. PBS online and WGBH. Retrieved on June 15, 2005, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm09sy.html.
  • Emmons, K. (2001). Adult wars, child soldiers: voices of children involved in armed conflict in the East Asia and Pacific Region. Bangkok, Thailand: UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund, East Asia and Pacific regional office).
  • Female genital cutting. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved on January 6, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_cutting.
  • Field, N. (1997). War and apology: Japan, Asia, the fiftieth, and after. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):1–49.
  • Fisher, S. K. (1996). Occupation of the womb: forced impregnation as genocide. Duke Law Journal, 46(1):91–134.
  • Frühstück, S. (2003). Colonizing sex: sexology and social control in modern Japan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Fujime, Y. (1997). The licensed prostitution system and the prostitution abolition movement in modern Japan. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):135–170.
  • Fujime, Y. (2006). Japanese feminism and commercialized sex: the union of militarism and prohibitionism. Social Science Japan Journal, 9(1):33–50.
  • Gingerich, T., Leaning, J. (2004). The use of rape as a weapon of war in the conflict in Darfur, Sudan. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health.
  • Gold, H. (1996). Unit 731 testimony. North Clarendon, VT: Charles E. Tuttle.
  • Goodwin, J. (2004). Silence=Rape. The Nation, March 8.
  • Gottschall, J. (2004). Explaining wartime rape. The Journal of Sex Research, 41(2):129–136.
  • Gruenbaum, E. (2001). The female circumcision controversy. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Gruskin, S., Plafker, K., Smith-Estelle, A. (2001). Understanding and responding to youth substance use: the contribution of a health and human rights framework. American Journal of Public Health, 91(12):1954–1963.
  • Harris, R., Paxman, J. (2002). A higher form of killing: the secret history of chemical and biological warfare. New York: Random House.
  • Henson, M. R. (1999). Comfort woman: a Filipina's story of prostitution and slavery under the Japanese military. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Herndon, C. (2006). Drunken foe helped marines liberate Guam. Pacific Daily News. Retrieved on August 5, 2006, from http://www.guampdn.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060804/OPINION03/608040314/1014.
  • Hicks, G. (1994). The comfort women: Japan's brutal regime of enforced prostitution in the Second World War. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Hoke, Z. (2005). Children fight in three out of four wars worldwide. Voice of America News.com, June 2.
  • Holkeboer, M. (2001). War's dirty secret: rape, prostitution, and other crimes against women—review. The Christian Century Foundation. Retrieved on August 5, 2006, from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_28_118/ai_79514995.
  • Honwana, A. (2007). Child soldiers in Africa (the ethnography of political violence). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Howard, K. ( Ed.). (1995). True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Human Rights Watch. (1996). Shattered lives: sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath. New York City, NY: Human Rights Watch.
  • Human Rights Watch. (1998). Human rights watch applauds Rwanda rape verdict. Retrieved on July 27, 2006, from http://hrw.org/english/docs/1998/09/02/rwanda1311.htm.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2003a). Stolen children: abduction and recruitment in Northern Uganda. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2003b). “You'll learn not to cry”: child combatants in Colombia. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2005). Seeking justice: the prosecution of sexual violence in the Congo War. Human Rights Watch, 17(1(A)):1–53.
  • Hwahng (Wahng), S. (2004). The illogics of masculine deterritorialization: Asian and Asian American radical performativities, regendered embodiments, and collective assemblages of enunciation. Unpublished dissertation.
  • Hwang, K. (1995). I want to live without being treated with contempt. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Hwang, K.-J. (2000). Oral testimony. In S. C. Schellstede ( Ed.), Comfort women speak: testimony by sex slaves of the Japanese military. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (2005). International humanitarian law—treaties and documents. Retrieved on July 24, 2006, from http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSearch?SearchView&Query=rape&SearchFuzzy=TRUE&SearchOrder=4.
  • Izumi, Y., Isozumi, K. (2001). Modern Japanese medical history and the European influence. Keio Journal of Medicine, 50(2):91–99.
  • Japan's Mass Rape and Sexual Enslavement of Women and Girls from 1932–1945: the “Comfort Women” System. (2006). Cohen, Milstein Hausfeld & Toll, PLLC. Retrieved on July 26, 2006, from http://www.cmht.com/cases_cwcomfort2.php.
  • Joffe-Walt, B. (2004, May 30). Arab militia use ‘rape camps’ for ethnic cleansing of Sudan [website]. News Telegraph. Retrieved on June 15, 2004, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/05/30/wdarf30.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/05/30/ixworld.html.
  • Kampfner, J. (2004). Korean sharing house. WNYC. Retrieved on March 25, 2007, from http://war_forgiveness.soundprint.org/essay.php.
  • Kang, J. H. (2007). Personal communication. New York.
  • Keairns, Y. E. (2003). The voices of girl child soldiers: Colombia. New York, NY: Quaker United Nations Office.
  • Kim, B.-S. (2000a). Oral testimony. In S. C. Schellstede ( Ed.), Comfort women speak: testimony by sex slaves of the Japanese military. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.
  • Kim, D. H. (2003). Interview. Seoul, ROK: Program Coordinator, The Korean Council for Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.
  • Kim, H. (1995). Bitter memories I am loathe to recall. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Kim, H. S. (1997). History and memory: the “comfort women” controversy. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):73–106.
  • Kim, Y.-S. (2000b). Oral testimony. In S. C. Schellstede ( Ed.), Comfort women speak: testimony by sex slaves of the Japanese military. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.
  • Kim, Y., Choi, Y., Kemp, T. S., Engen, R., Ward, K. R. ( Eds.). (2004) The historical museum of sexual slavery by the Japanese military. Kwangju-kun, ROK: The House of Sharing (Nanumui Jip).
  • Kim-Gibson, D. S. (1998). Silence broken: Korean comfort women. Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey: Dai Sil Productions.
  • Kim-Gibson, D. S. (1999). Silence broken: Korean comfort women. Parkersburg, Iowa: Mid-Prairie Books.
  • Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Sexual Slavery by Japan. (2006). University of Maryland. Retrieved on July 27, 2006, from http://www.mith2.umd.edu/WomensStudies/GenderIssues/Violence+Women/japanese-military-sexual-slavery.
  • Lamarre, T. (1998). Bacterial cultures and linguistic colonies: Mori Rintaro's experiments with history, science, and language. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique, 6(3):597–635.
  • Lang, S., Kovacic, L., Sogoric, S., Brborovic, O. (2002). Challenge of goodness III: public health facing war. Croatian Medical Journal, 43(2):156–165.
  • Leibig, A. (2005). Girl child soldiers in Northern Uganda: do current legal frameworks offer sufficient protection?. Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights, 3(6):1–26.
  • Lie, J. (1995). The transformation of sexual work in 20th-century Korea. Gender and Society, 9(3):310–327.
  • Mass Rape in Rwanda's 1994 Civil War. (2006). ColorQ World. Retrieved on July 29, 2006, from http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Rwanda&x=rape.
  • Mazurana, D. E., McKay, S. A., Carlson, K. C., Kasper, J. C. (2002). Girls in fighting forces and groups: their recruitment, participation, demobilization, and reintegration. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8(2):97–123.
  • Mbatha, D., Beah, I. (2007). UN and Africa (141). United Nations Radio. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://www.un.org/av/radio/unandafrica/transcript141.htm.
  • McKay, S. A. (2006). Girlhoods stolen: the plight of girl soldiers during and after armed conflict. In N. Boothby, A. Strang,&M. Wessells ( Eds.), A world turned upside down: social ecological approaches to children in war zones. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  • Min, P. G. (2003). Korean ‘comfort women’: the intersection of colonial power, gender, and class. Gender and Society, 17(6):938–957.
  • Mohanty, C. T. (1991a). Introduction: cartographies of struggle; third world women and the politics of feminism. In C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo,&L. Torres ( Eds.), Third world women and the politics of feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Mohanty, C. T. (1991b). Under western eyes: feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. In C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo, L. Torres ( Eds.), Third world women and the politics of feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Moon, P.-G. (2000). Oral testimony. In S. C. Schellstede ( Ed.), Comfort women speak: testimony by sex slaves of the Japanese military. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.
  • Mun, O. (1995). Back to my wretched life. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • OCHA. (2003). Special report: child soldiers. New York City, NY: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN).
  • OCHA. (2004). Cote d'Ivoire: rehabilitating child soldiers is a tough job. New York City, NY: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN).
  • Ogle, C. (2007, March 9). A long way gone: memoirs of a boy soldier book review. The Miami Herald.
  • Palevsky, S. (2007, April 13). At JCCSF, a lesson in ethics from former child soldier. The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California.
  • Park, W. S. (1997). Japanese reparations and the ‘comfort women’ question. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):107–134.
  • Peace Magazine Staff. (2004, January/March). Child soldiers. Peace Magazine, 20:1–5.
  • Robson, A. (1993, June 1993). Rape: weapon of war. New Internationalist, pp. 1–3.
  • Ruff-O'Herne, J. (1994). 50 years of silence. New York, NY: Editions Tom Thompson.
  • Salzman, T. A. (1998). Rape camps as a means of ethnic cleansing: religious, cultural, and ethical responses to rape victims in the former Yugoslavia. Human Rights Quarterly, 20(2):348–378.
  • Schellstede, S. C. ( Ed.). (2000). Comfort women speak: testimony by sex slaves of the Japanese military. New York, NY: Holmes and Meier.
  • Schmidt, D. A. (2000). Ianfu—the comfort women of the Japanese imperial army of the pacific war. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Seaman, L. (1908). The real triumph of Japan: the conquest of the silent foe. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
  • Shell-Duncan, B., Hernlund, Y. (2000). Female “circumcision” in Africa: culture, controversy, and change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  • Skaine, R. (2005). Female genital mutilation: legal, cultural, and medical issues. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  • Sofos, S. A. (1996). Inter-ethnic violence and gendered constructions of ethnicity in former Yugoslavia. Social Identities, 2(1):73–91.
  • Soh, C. S. (2001). The comfort women project. Retrieved on July 26, 2006, from http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~soh/comfortwomen.html.
  • Soh, C. S. (2006). In/fertility among Korea's “comfort women” survivors: a comparative perspective. Women's Studies International Forum, 29:67–80.
  • Song, Y.-O. (1997). Japanese colonial rule and state-managed prostitution: Korea's licensed prostitutes. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):171–218.
  • Strauss, A. L., Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. (1995). Why the issue of military sexual slavery by Japan has remained unresolved for 50 years? Seoul, Republic of Korea: The 3rd Asian Women's Solidarity Forum on Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.
  • The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. (1998). Legal reparation right now by the Japanese Government! Seoul, Republic of Korea: The Fifth Asian Solidarity Conference Report.
  • The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan, Association of National Assembly Members Studying the “Comfort Women” Issue, & Korean Association of Law and Society Studies. (1999). Women's international war crimes tribunal on Japan's military sexual slavery in 2000 and the issue of Japanese military sexual slavery. Seoul, Republic of Korea: Ewha-Samsung Education Culture Center.
  • The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. (2000). Past, present and future activities to solve the Japanese military sexual slavery issue. Seoul, Republic of Korea: The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.
  • The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. (2006). The Korean council history. Retrieved on July 27, 2006, from http://www.womenandwar.net/english/menu_012.php.
  • The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan. (2007). Purpose. Retrieved on March 25, 2007, from http://www.womenandwar.net/english/menu_01.php.
  • UNICEF. (2003). Liberian child soldiers face desperation, exploitation and terror. Retrieved on April 27, 2007, from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia_13403.html.
  • Unit 731. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved on January 6, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731.
  • Veale, A. (2003). From child soldier to ex-fighter: female fighters, demobilisation and reintegration in Ethiopia. Unpublished manuscript, Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Walker, L. (2006). Toy soldiers: can child combatants be rehabilitated? The American Prospect. Retrieved on April 29, 2007, from http://www.prospect.org/web/printfriendly-view.ww?id=10064.
  • Walker, A.,&Parmar, P. (1996). Warrior marks: female genital mutilation and the sexual binding of women. San Diego: Harcourt Brace.
  • Ward, J., Marsh, M. (2006). Sexual violence against women and girls in war and its aftermath: realities, responses, and required resources. Brussels, Belgium: UNFPA.
  • Wessells, M. (1997). Child soldiers. Chicago, IL: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
  • Williams, P., Wallace, D. (1989). Unit 731: Japan's secret biological warfare in World War II. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Yang, H. (1997). Revisiting the issue of Korean “military comfort women”: the question of truth and positionality. Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique ( Special issue: The comfort women: colonialism, war and sex), 5(1):51–71.
  • Yi, O. (1995a). Taken away at twelve. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Yi, S. (1995b). I came home, but lost my family. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Yi, T. (1995c). Wandering around Manchuria, China and Sumatra. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Yi, Y. (1995d). I thought I would die. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.
  • Yoshiaki, Y. (2000). Comfort women: sexual slavery in the Japanese military during World War II (S. O'Brien, Trans.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Yun, T. (1995). Shut away close to home. In K. Howard ( Ed.), True stories of the Korean comfort women: testimonies compiled by the Korean council for women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan and the research association on women drafted for military sex slavery by Japan. London: Cassell.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.