Quantifying the Psychological Effects of Ketamine: From Euphoria to the k-Hole

References

• Abi-Saab, W. M., D’Souza, D. C., Moghaddam, B., Krystal, J. H. (1998). The NMDA antagonist model for schizophrenia: promise and pitfalls. Pharrmacopsychiatry, 31(2):104–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adler, C. M., Malhotra, M. D., Elman, M. D., Goldberg, T., Egan, M., Pickar, D., (1999). Comparison of ketamine-induced thought disorder in healthy volunteers and thought disorder in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156;1646–1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, R. M., Young, S. J. (1978). Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135(9):1081–1084.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barkus, E., Lewis, S. (2008). Schizotypy and psychosis-like experiences from recreational cannabis in a non-clinical sample. Psychological Medicine, 38:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Barkus, E. J., Stirling, J., Hopkins, R. S., Lewis, S. (2006). Cannabis-induced psychosis-like experiences are associated with high schizotypy. Psychopathology, 39(4):175–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkus, E., Stirling, J. Hopkins, R. S., Lewis, S. (2007). Cognitive and neural processes in non-clinical auditory hallucination. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 191:s76–s81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claridge, G., McCreery, C., Mason, O., Bentall, R., Boyle, G., Slade, P., (1996). The factor structure of schizotypal traits: a large replication study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35:103–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, J., Dillon, P. (2005). The health and psycho-social consequences of ketamine use. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(2):122–131.
   Google Scholar
• Corlett, P. R., Honey, G. D., Aitken, M. R., Dickinson, A., Shanks, D. R., Absalom, A. R., (2006). Frontal responses during learning predict vulnerability to the psychotogenic effects of ketamine: linking cognition, brain activity, and psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(6): 611–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corlett, P. R., Honey, G. D., Fletcher, P. C. (2007). From prediction error to psychosis: ketamine as a pharmacological model of delusion. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 21(3):238–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curran, H. V., Morgan, C. J. A. (2000). Cognitive, dissociative, and psychotogenic effects of ketamine on recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later. Addiction, 95:575–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deakin, J. F. W., Lees, J., McKie, S., Hallack, J. E., Willimans, S. R., Dursan, S. M. (2008). Glutamate and the neural basis of the subjective effects of ketamine: a pharmaco-magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(2):154–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon, P., Copeland, J., Jansen, K. (2003). Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69:23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enarson, M. C., Hays, H., Woodroffe, M. A. (1999). Clinical experience with oral ketamine. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17(5):384–386.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fine, P. G. (1999). Low-dose ketamine in the management of opioid nonresponsive terminal cancer pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17(4):296–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Heekeren, K., Neukirch, A., Stoll, M., Stock, C., Obradovic, M., (2005). Psychological effects of (s)-ketamine and NNDimethyltryptamine (DMT): a double-bind crossover study in healthy volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry, 38:301–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jansen, K. L. R (1999). Ketamine and quantum psychiatry. Asylum Magazine, 11(3):19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, K. L. R. (2001). Ketamine dreams and realities. Florida: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, K. L. R., Theron, L. (2003). Ketamine: further observations on use, users, and consequences. Adicciones-Palma de Mallorca, 15(S2):135–166.
   Google Scholar
• Javitt, D. C., Zukin, S. R. (1991). Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148:1301–1308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jentsch, J. D., Roth, R. H. (1999). The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: from NMDA receptor hypo-function to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30:201–225.
   Google Scholar
• Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Bennett, D., D’Souza, D. C., Abi-Dargham, A., Morrissey, K., (1998). Interactive effects of sub-anasthetic ketamine and sub-hypnotic lorazepam in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 135(3):213–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Seibyl, J. P., Freeman, G. K., Delaney, R., Bremner, J. D., (1994). Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(3):199–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti, A. C., Koffel, B., LaPorte, D., Tamminga, C. A. (1995). Sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(1):9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahti, A. C., Weiler, M. A., Michaelidis, T., Parwani, A., Tammminga, C. (2001). Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25:455–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lencz, T., Smith, C. W., Auther, A., Correll, C. U., Cornblatt, B. (2004). Nonspecific and attenuated negative symptoms in patients at clinical high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 68:37–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luisada, P. V., Brown, B. I. (1976). Clinical management of the phencyclidine psychosis. Clinical Toxicology, 9(4):539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, K., Measham, F. (2008). “It's the most fun you can have for twenty quid”: motivations, consequences and meanings of British Ketamine use. Addiction Research and Theory, 16(3):231–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. J. A., Mofeez, A., Brandner, B., Bromley, L., Curran, H. V. (2004). Acute effects of ketamine on memory systems and psychotic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29:208–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, C. J. A., Muetzelfeldt, L., Curran, H. V. (2009). Ketamine use, cognition, and psychological well-being: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls. Addiction, 104:77–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pomarol-Clotet, E., Honey, G. D., Murray, G. K., Corlett, P. R., Absolom, A. R., Lee, M., (2006). Psychological effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers: a phenomenological study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189:173–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radant, A. D., Bowdle, A., Cowley, D. S., Kharasch, E. D., Roy-Byrne, P. P. (1998). Does ketamine mediated N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor antagonism cause schizophrenia-like oculomotor abnormalities? Neuropsychopharmacology, 19(5):434–444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: a scale fro the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(4):555–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine, A., Benishay, D. (1995). The SPQ-B: A brief screening instrument for schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9:346–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, D. L., Silvay, G. (1989). Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience. Canadian Journal of Anaesthetics, 36:186–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, L. M., Bustillo, J. R., Mullins, P. G., Jung, R. E., Lenroot, R., Landgraf, E., (2005). Effects of ketamine on anterior cingulate glutamate metabolism in healthy humans: a 4-T proton MRS study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2):394–396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider, K. (1958). Clinical psychopathology (5th ed; trans M. W. Hamilton, 1959). New York: Grune-Stratton.
   Google Scholar
• Sims, A. (2002) Symptoms in the mind (3rd ed). London: Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, J., Barkus, E. J., Nabosi, L., Irshad, S., Roemer, G., Schreudergoidheijt, B., (2008). Cannabis-induced psychotic-like experiences are predicted by high schizotypy: confirmation of preliminary results in a large cohort. Psychopathology, 41(6):371–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theberge, J., Al-Semaan, Y., Willianson, P. C., Menon, R. S., Neufeld, R. W., Rajakumar, N., (2003). Glutamate and glutamine in the anterior cingulated and thalamus of medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects measured with 4.0-T proton MRS. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2):2231–2233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tori, S. P. (1996). Ketamine abuse: “special K.” Pennsylvania: Middle Atlantic-Great Lakes Organised Crime Law Enforcement Network (MAGLOCLEN).
   Google Scholar
• Travis, A. (2005). Special K, the horse pill taking over from ecstasy among clubbers. Guardian, September 6 . Retrieved August 27, 2007, from www.ketamine.com/special-k.html
   Google Scholar
• Van Os, J., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Bijl, J. L., De Graaf, R., Verdoux, H. (2002). Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156;319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2006). Expert committee on drug dependence (ECDD): critical review of KETAMINE (34th report). Geneva: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar