Volatile Substance Misuse Among Street Children in Upper Egypt

REFERENCES

• Abdel Mitaa'al, M. (1999, September). Combating the street children problem in the Arab world. Unpublished research paper presented (in Arabic) at a regional workshop, Cairo, Egypt.
   Google Scholar
• Afifi, A., El-Koussi, A., & Khalifa, M. (1981). The neuropharmacological properties of levomepromazine sulfoxide: a major metabolite of levomepromazine. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(20), 67–77.
   Google Scholar
• Bale, A. S., Tu, Y., Carpenter-Hyland, E. P., Chandler, L. J., & Woodward, J. J. (2005). Alterations in glutamatergic and gabaergic ion channel activity in hippocampal neurons following exposure to the abused solvent toluene. Neuroscience, 130(1), 197–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baydas, G., Ozveren, F., Tuzcu, M., & Yasar, A. (2005). Effects of thinner exposure on the expression pattern of neural cell adhesion molecules, level of lipid peroxidation in the brain and cognitive function in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 512(2–3), 181–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjornaes, S., & Naalsund, L. U. (1988). Biochemical changes in different brain areas after toluene inhalation. Toxicology, 49(2–3), 367–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowen, S. E., Charlesworth, J. D., Tokarz, M. E., Wright, M. J., Jr., & Wiley, J. L. (2007). Decreased sensitivity in adolescent vs. adult rats to the locomotor activating effects of toluene. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 29(6), 599–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, C. H., de Pasquale, R., Silvari, V., Barbaro, M., & Catania, S. (2006). In vitro evaluation of oxidative damage from organic solvent vapours on human skin. Toxicology in Vitro, 20(3), 324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudek, B. (1990). Neurobehavioural effects of experimental exposure to toluene, xylene and their mixture. Polish Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 3(1), 109–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elkoussi, A. A., & Bakheet, S. (2005). Street children, a major impediment to integrated development in the Arab world—the case in upper Egypt. Report on the results of a research project sponsored by the Middle East Research Competition (MERC), Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
   Google Scholar
• Halifeoglu, I., Canatan, H., Ustundag, B., Ilhan, N., & Inanc, F. (2000). Effect of thinner inhalation on lipid peroxidation and some antioxidant enzymes of people working with paint thinner. Cell Biochemistry and Function, 18(4), 263–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korbo, L., Ladefoged, O., Lam, H. R., Ostergaard, G., West, M. J., & Arlien-Søborg, P. (1996). Neuronal loss in hippocampus in rats exposed to toluene. Neurotoxicology, 17(2), 359–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lund, P. (1986). L-glutamine and L-glutamate: UV-method with glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. In H. U. Bergmeyer (Ed.), Methods of enzymatic analysis (pp. 357–363). Weinheim, Germany: VCH verlagsgesellschaft.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, E. T., Yeoman, W. B., & Hobby, J. A. (1971). Hepatorenal damage from toluene in a “glue sniffer.” British Medical Journal, 2(5752), 29–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., & Yagi, K (1979). Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry, 95(2), 351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary-Moore, S. K., Galloway, M. P., McMechan, A. P., Hannigan, J. H., & Bowen, S. E. (2007). Region-dependent alterations in glutamate and GABA measured by high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy following acute binge inhalation of toluene in juvenile rats. Eurotoxicology and Teratology, 29(4), 466–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riegel, A. C., Ali, S. F., & French, E. D. (2003). Toluene-induced locomotor activity is blocked by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(8), 1440–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP). (2001, December). Hope for street children in Egypt. UNDCCP Update, p. 12. Retrieved from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Web site: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/newsletter_2001-12-01_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wiaderna, D., & Tomas, T. (2000). Effects of repeated exposure to toluene or amphetamine on locomotor activity in rats. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 13(4), 317–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yavich, L., Patkina, N., & Zvartau, E. (1994). Experimental estimation of addictive potential of a mixture of organic solvents. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 4(2), 111– 118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar