Misperceptions of Peer Pill-Popping: The Prevalence, Correlates, and Effects of Inaccurate Assumptions About Peer Pharmaceutical Misuse

REFERENCES

• Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K. P., Kwan, M. W., Lowe, D., Taman, S., & Faulkner, G. J. (2010). Social norms of alcohol, smoking, and marijuana use within a Canadian university setting. Journal of American College Health, 59(3), 191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, A. D. (2004). The social norms approach: Theory, research and annotated bibliography. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from www.edc.org/hec/socialnorms.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, A. D., & Perkins, H. W. (1986). Resident advisers as role models: A comparison of drinking patterns of resident advisers and their peers. Journal of College Student Personnel, 27, 146–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewick, B. M., Bell, D. D., Crosby, S. S., Edlin, B. B., Keenan, S. S., Marshall, K. K., (2013). Promoting improvements in public health: Using a social norms approach to reduce use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 20(4), 322–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, C., Alderson, D., Ogburn, E., Grant, B. F., Nunes, E. V., Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2007). Changes in the prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87, 252–260.
   Google Scholar
• Borsari, B., & Carey, K. B. (2001). Peer influences on college drinking: A review of the research. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 391–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burt, C. W. (2002). National trends in use of medications in office-based practice, 1985–1999. Health Affairs, 21(4), 206–214.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, R. (2012). More NFL players testing positive for amphetamines. The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 7, 2013, from http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2019783641_ apfbnsuspensionsadderall.html?syndication=rss.
   Google Scholar
• Compton, W., & Volkow, N. (2006). Abuse of prescription drugs and the risk of addiction. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 83, S4–S7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottler, L. B., Ben Abdallah, A., Cummings, S. M., Barr, J., Banks, R., & Forchheimer, R. (2011). Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL) players. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116(1), 188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critser, G. (2005). Generation Rx. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• DeSantis, A. D., Anthony, K. E., & Cohen, E. L. (2013). Illegal college ADHD stimulant distributors: Characteristics and potential areas of intervention. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(6), 446–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Agency (2011). Drugs of Abuse. A DEA Resource Guide. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from http://www. justice.gov/dea/docs/drugs_of_abuse_2011.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, M., Thomas, J. O., Swift, W., & Burns, L. (2012). Elite athletes’ estimates of the prevalence of illicit drug use: Evidence for the false consensus effect. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(1), 27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, R., Deikkman, S., Bartley, C., & Goodman, A. (2004). Social norms program reduces measured and self-reported drinking at UNC-CH. The report on social norm: Working paper 14. Little Falls, NJ: PaperClip Communications.
   Google Scholar
• Garvin, C. (2011). OxyContin kid: A Granite Bay dad's wild attempt to save his OxyContin-addicted son. Newsreview.com. Retrieved September 7, 2013, from http://www.newsreview. com/sacramento/oxycontin-kid/content?oid=1912646.
   Google Scholar
• Glider, P., Midyett, S. J., Mills-Novoa, B., Johannessen, K., & Collins, C. (2001). Challenging the collegiate rite of passage: A campus-wide social marketing media campaign to reduce binge drinking. Journal of Drug Education, 31(2), 207–220.
   Google Scholar
• Gomberg, L., Schneider, S. K., & Dejong, W. (2001). Evaluation of a social norms marketing campaign to reduce high-risk drinking at the University of Mississippi. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27, 375–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines, M. P., Barker, G. P., & Rice, R. (2003). Using social norms to reduce alcohol and tobacco use in two midwestern high schools. In H. W. Perkins (Ed.), The social norms approach to preventing school and college age substance abuse: A handbook for educators, counselors, and clinicians (Chap. 14). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, M., & Spear, S. F. (1996). Changing the perception of the norm: A strategy to decrease binge drinking among college students. Journal of American College Health, 45, 134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2010. Volume II: College students and adults ages 19–50 (312 p.). Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2013). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2012. Volume 1: Secondary school students (604 p.). Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Kandel, D. B. (1980). Drug and drinking behavior among youth. Annual Review of Sociology, 6, 235–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel, D. B. (1985). On processes of peer influences in adolescent drug use: A developmental perspective. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, 4, 139–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipman, A. G., & Jackson, K. C. (2006). Controlled prescription drug abuse at epidemic level. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy, 20, 61–64.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, S., Brevard, J., & Budman, S. (2011). Connecting to young adults: An online social network survey of beliefs and attitudes associated with prescription opioid misuse among college students. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(1), 66–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, M. P., Page, J. C., Mowry, E. S., Damann, K. M., Taylor, K. K., & Cimini, M. (2006). Differences between actual and perceived student norms: An examination of alcohol use, drug use, and sexual behavior. Journal of American College Health, 54(5), 295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlaney, J., Bewick, B., & Hughes, C. (2010). The international development of the ‘Social Norms’ approach to drug education and prevention. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 18(2), 81–89.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E. (2008). Misperceptions of non-medical prescription drug use: A web survey of college students. Addictive behaviors, 33(5), 713–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., & Teter, C. J. (2009). Subtypes of nonmedical prescription drug misuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 102(1), 63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLarnon, M. E., Monaghan, T. L., Stewart, S. H., & Barrett, S. P. (2011). Drug misuse and diversion in adults prescribed anxiolytics and sedatives. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 31(3), 262–272.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Drug Abuse (2011). Topics in brief: prescription drug abuse. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from http://www. drugabuse.gov/publications/topics-in-brief/prescription-drug-abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Neighbors, C., Geisner, I. M., & Lee, C. M. (2008). Perceived marijuana norms and social expectancies among entering college student marijuana users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge, B., Bell, S., Lucke, J., & Hall, W. (2013). Australian university students’ attitudes towards the use of prescription stimulants as cognitive enhancers: Perceived patterns of use, efficacy and safety. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32(3), 295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W. (1994). The contextual effect of secular norms on religiosity as moderator of student alcohol and other drug use. In M. Lynn & D. Moberg (Eds.), Research in the social scientific study of religion (pp. 187–208). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W. (2002). Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, 14, 164–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perkins, H. W., & Berkowitz, A. D. (1986). Perceiving the community norms of alcohol use among students: Some research implications for campus alcohol education programming. International Journal of the Addictions, 21, 961–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W., Haines, M., & Rice, R. (2005). Misperceiving the college drinking norm and related problems: A nationwide study of exposure to prevention information, perceived norms and student alcohol misuse. Journal of Studies of Alcohol and Drugs, 66, 470–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, H. W., Meilman, P., Leichliter, J. S., Cashin, J. R., & Presley, C. (1999). Misperceptions of the norms for the frequency of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses. Journal American College Health, 47, 253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petróczi, A., Mazanov, J., Nepusz, T., Backhouse, S. H., & Naughton, D. P. (2008). Comfort in big numbers: Does over-estimation of doping prevalence in others indicate self-involvement. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 3(1), 19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pope, G. J., Kouri, E. M., & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 133–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero, G. (2012). Problematizing “drugs”: A cultural assessment of recreational pharmaceutical use among young adults in the United States. Contemporary Drug Problems, 39(3), 493–535.
   Google Scholar
• Quintero, G., & Bundy, H. (2011). Most of the time you already know: Pharmaceutical information assembly by young adults on the internet. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(7), 898–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter, R. (2012). A new prescription for fighting drug abuse. District Administration, 48(2), 41–42.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, K., Cohen, D., Koch, S., & Tyler, N. (2012) ADHD drugs become popular, dangerous study solution for students. Rock Center with Bryan Williams. Retrieved September 7, 2013, from http://rockcenter.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/10/16/14455856- adhd-drugs-become-popular-dangerous-study-solution-for-students?lite.
   Google Scholar
• Sparling, P. B. (2013). The Lance Armstrong saga: A wake-up call for drug reform in sports. Current sports medicine reports, 12(2), 53–54.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2013). Prescription drug misuse remains a top public health concern. SAMHSA Press Office. Retrieved September 5, 2013, from http: //www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/advisories/1301084404.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2004). Nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers. The NSDUH Report. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from http://www. samhsa.gov/data/2k4/Pain/Pain.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2012a). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings, NSDUH Series H-44, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4713. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2012b). The DAWN Report: Highlights of the 2010 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Findings on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2012c). The DAWN Report: Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits Involving Pharmaceutical Misuse or Abuse by Older Adults: 2009. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA.
   Google Scholar
• Teter, C. J., McCabe, S. E., LaGrange, K., Cranford, J. A., & Boyd, C. J. (2006). Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: Prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy, 26(10), 1501–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Office of National Drug Control Policy & Partnership for a Drug Free America. (2008). PSA drug dealer commercial (video file). Retrieved September 5, 2013, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_O2YcQNS24.
   Google Scholar
• van Amsterdam, J., Opperhuizen, A., & Hartgens, F. (2010). Adverse health effects of anabolic–androgenic steroids. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57(1), 117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency (2013). Definition of doping. Retrieved September 7, 2013, from http://www.wada-ama.org/ en/Education-Awareness/Youth-Zone/Get-the-Facts/Definition-of-Doping/.
   Google Scholar
• Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar