Emerging Risks Due to New Injecting Patterns in Hungary During Austerity Times

REFERENCES

• Bajzáth, S., Tóth, E., Zs., & Rácz, J. (2014). Repülök a gyógyszerrel. A kábítószerezés története a szocialista Magyarországon. Budapest: L'Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• Botescu, A., Abagiu, A., Mardarescu, M., & Ursan, M. (2012). HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users in Romania. Report of a recent outbreak and initial response policies. Retrieved 10 December, 2013, from http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/publications/ad-hoc/2012/romania-hiv-update
   Google Scholar
• Carhart-Harris, R. L., King, L. A., & Nutt, D. J. (2011). A web-based survey on mephedrone. Drug Alcohol Depend, 118(1), 19-22. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corson, S., Greenhalgh, D., Taylor, A., Palmateer, N., Goldberg, D., & Hutchinson, S. (2013). Modelling the prevalence of HCV amongst people who inject drugs: an investigation into the risks associated with injecting paraphernalia sharing. Drug Alcohol Depend, 133(1), 172–179. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.014
   Google Scholar
• Cox, J., Morissette, C., De, P., Tremblay, C., Allard, R., Graves, L.,… Roy, E. (2009). Access to sterile injecting equipment is more important than awareness of HCV status for injection risk behaviors among drug users. Subst Use Misuse, 44(4), 548–568. doi:10.1080/10826080802544349
   Google Scholar
• Csak, R., Demetrovics, Z., & Racz, J. (2013). Transition to injecting 3,4-methylene-dioxy-pyrovalerone (MDPV) among needle exchange program participants in Hungary. J Psychopharmacol, 27(6), 559–563. doi:10.1177/0269881113480987
   Google Scholar
• Csak, R., Gyekiss, R., Marvanykovi, F., Vadasz, V., & Racz, J. (2010). Magyarországi intravénás mefedronhasználat a tűcsere szolgáltatók tapasztalatai alapján. Addictologia Hungarica, IX(4), 281–288
   Google Scholar
• Csesztregi, T.. (2013). Black market on the basis of substances seized in Hungary (in Hungarian). (presentation). Retrieved December 13, 2013 http://drogfokuszpont.hu/ wp-content/uploads/feketepiaci-helyzetkep_csesztregi_drdews forensic_2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Davies, S., Wood, D. M., Smith, G., Button, J., Ramsey, J., Archer, R.,… Dargan, P. I. (2010). Purchasing ‘legal highs’ on the Internet–is there consistency in what you get? QJM, 103(7), 489–493. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcq056
   Google Scholar
• Dybdal-Hargreaves, N. F., Holder, N. D., Ottoson, P. E., Sweeney, M. D., & Williams, T. (2013). Mephedrone: Public health risk, mechanisms of action, and behavioral effects. Eur J Pharmacol, 714(1-3), 32-40. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECDC, & EMCDDA. (2011). Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs Stockholm: ECDC.
   Google Scholar
• EHRN. (2009). Young people and injecting drug use in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Vilnius: EHRN.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2004). Hepatitis C and injecting drug use: impact, costs and policy options.. Lisbon: EMCDDA.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2006). Protocol for the implementation of the EMCDDA key indicator drug related infectious diseases (DRID), draft version 6 October 2006. EMCDDA. Lisbon. Retrieved from http://drogfokuszpont.hu/wp-content/uploads/ drid_protocol_2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2012a). Country Profile - Hungary. Country legal profiles Retrieved 26 May, 2014, from http://www.emcdda. europa.eu/html.cfm/index5174EN.html#
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2012b). Synthetic cathinones. Drug profiles Retrieved 25 May, 2014, from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ publications/drug-profiles/synthetic-cathinones
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2013a). European Drugs Report 2013. Lisbon: EMCDDA.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2013b). Perspectives on drugs. Trends in heroin use in Europe: what do treatment demand data tell us? Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/trends-in-heroin-use
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2013c). Standard Stable 9. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from EMCDDA http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/themes/key-indicators/drid
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2013d). Statistical Bulletin 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from EMCDDA http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ stats13
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2014). Injection of synthetic cathinones. Perspectives on drugs Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa. eu/attachements.cfm/att_228233_EN_POD2014_Injection%20 of%20synthetic%20cathinones.pdf
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA, & ECDC. (2012). Joint EMCDDA and ECDC rapid risk assessment: HIV in Injecting Drug Users in the EU/EEA, following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ publications/joint-publications/hiv-in-injecting-drug-users-2011 doi:10.2810/50417
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA, & Europol. (2013). New drugs in Europe, 2012. EMCDDA-Europol 2012 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Fotiou, A., Micha, K., Paraskevis, D., Terzidou, M., Malliori, M., & Hatzakis, A. (2012). HIV outbreak among injecting drug users in Greece. An Updated brief report for the EMCDDA on the recent outbreak of HIV infections among drug injectors in Greece. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/ad-hoc/2012/greece-hiv-update
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, S. R., Rossi, D., & Braine, N. (2009). Theorizing “Big Events” as a potential risk environment for drug use, drug-related harm and HIV epidemic outbreaks. Int J Drug Policy, 20(3), 283-291. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, S., Rossi, D., & Flom, P. L. (2006). “Big Events” and Networks. Connect (Tor), 27(1), 9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths, P., Mounteney, J., & Laniel, L. (2012). Understanding changes in heroin availability in Europe over time: emerging evidence for a slide, a squeeze and a shock. Addiction, 107(9), 1539–1540. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03829.x
   Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy, V. A., Caplinskiene, I., Caplinskas, S., & Latkin, C. A. (2014). Social network structure and HIV infection among injecting drug users in Lithuania: gatekeepers as bridges of infection. AIDS Behav, 18(3), 505–510. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0702-6
   Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy, V. A., Neaigus, A., Li, N., Ujhelyi, E., Caplinskiene, I., Caplinskas, S., & Latkin, C. A. (2010). Liquid drugs and high dead space syringes may keep HIV and HCV prevalence high - a comparison of Hungary and Lithuania. Eur Addict Res, 16(4), 220–228. doi:10.1159/000320287
   Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy, V. A., Neaigus, A., Mitchell, M. M., & Ujhelyi, E. (2009). The association of syringe type and syringe cleaning with HCV infection among IDUs in Budapest, Hungary. Drug Alcohol Depend, 100(3), 240–247. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.10.014
   Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy, V. A., Neaigus, A., & Ujhelyi, E. (2009). Vulnerability to drug-related infections and co-infections among injecting drug users in Budapest, Hungary. Eur J Public Health, 19(3), 260–265. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp009
   Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy, V. A., & Racz, J. (2010). [Epidemiology of hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infections among injecting drug users in Hungary–what's next?]. Orv Hetil, 151(10), 365–371. doi:10.1556/oh.2010.28821
   Google Scholar
• Hedrich, D., Kalamara, E., Sfetcu, O., Pharris, A., Noor, A., Wiessing, L.,… Van de Laar, M. (2013). Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: Is risk increasing in Europe? Euro Surveill, 18(48).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill, A. B. (1965). THE ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE: ASSOCIATION OR CAUSATION? Proc R Soc Med, 58, 295-300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillebrand, J., Olszewski, D., & Sedefov, R. (2010). Legal highs on the Internet. Subst Use Misuse, 45(3), 330–340. doi:10.3109/10826080903443628
   Google Scholar
• HNFP. (2010). 2010 National Report to the EMCDDA. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from HNFP http://drogfokuszpont.hu/wp-content/uploads/nr_10_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• HNFP. (2011). 2011 National Report to the EMCDDA. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from HNFP http://drogfokuszpont.hu/wp-content/uploads/national_report_2011_hungary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• HNFP. (2012). 2012 National Report to the EMCDDA. Retrieved December 13, 2013 http://drogfokuszpont.hu/wp-content/uploads/HU_National_Report_2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• HNFP. (2013). 2013 National Report to the EMCDDA. Retrieved December 2013, 2013 http://drogfokuszpont.hu/wp-content/uploads/HU_National_Report_2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kentikelenis, A., Karanikolos, M., Papanicolas, I., Basu, S., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2011). Health effects of financial crisis: omens of a Greek tragedy. Lancet, 378(9801), 1457–1458. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61556-0
   Google Scholar
• NCE. (2013). Epinfo, 47. Retrieved from http://www.oek.hu/ oek.web?to=839&nid=41&pid=14&lang=hun
   Google Scholar
• Paraskevis, D., Nikolopoulos, G., Fotiou, A., Tsiara, C., Paraskeva, D., Sypsa, V.,… Hatzakis, A. (2013). Economic Recession and Emergence of an HIV-1 Outbreak among Drug Injectors in Athens Metropolitan Area: A Longitudinal Study. PLoS One, 8(11), e78941. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péterfi, A., Tarján, A., Horváth, G., Csesztregi, T., & Nyírády, A. (2014). Changes in patterns of injecting drug use in Hungary: a shift to synthetic cathinones. Drug Test Analysis, 6(7–8), 825–831. doi:10.1002/dta.1625
   Google Scholar
• Pharris, A., Wiessing, L., Sfetcu, O., Hedrich, D., Botescu, A., Fotiou, A.,… van de Laar, M. J. (2011). Human immunodeficiency virus in injecting drug users in Europe following a reported increase of cases in Greece and Romania, 2011. Euro Surveill, 16(48), pii=20032.
   Google Scholar
• Racz, J., Csak, R., Farago, R., & Vadasz, V. (2012). [The phenomenon of drug change in the interviews with injecting drug users]. Psychiatr Hung, 27(1), 29–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhodes, T. (2009). Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach. Int J Drug Policy, 20(3), 193–201. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003
   Google Scholar
• Szily, E., & Bitter, I. (2013). Designer drugs in psychiatric practice - a review of the literature and the recent situation in Hungary. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung, 15(4), 223–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarján, A. (2012a). Changes and risks due to new injecting patterns in Hungary. Paper presented at the EU expert meeting on DRID, Lisbon.
   Google Scholar
• Tarján, A. (2012b). National syringe and client turnover data. report (restricted availability). HNFP.
   Google Scholar
• Tarján, A. (2013). National syringe and client turnover data. report (restricted availability). HNFP, Budapest.
   Google Scholar
• Treso, B., Takacs, M., Dencs, A., Dudas, M., Par, A., & Rusvai, E. (2013). Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes among injecting drug users in Hungary. Euro Surveill, 18(47).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner, K. M., Hutchinson, S., Vickerman, P., Hope, V., Craine, N., Palmateer, N.,… Hickman, M. (2011). The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction, 106(11), 1978–1988. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x
   Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2013). World drug report 2013. Vienna: EMCDDA.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hout, M. C., & Bingham, T. (2012). “A costly turn on”: patterns of use and perceived consequences of mephedrone based head shop products amongst Irish injectors. Int J Drug Policy, 23(3), 188–197. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.01.008
   Google Scholar
• Vickerman, P., Hickman, M., May, M., Kretzschmar, M., & Wiessing, L. (2010). Can hepatitis C virus prevalence be used as a measure of injection-related human immunodeficiency virus risk in populations of injecting drug users? An ecological analysis. Addiction, 105(2), 311–318. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02759.x
   Google Scholar
• Vickerman, P., Hickman, M., Rhodes, T., & Watts, C. (2006). Model projections on the required coverage of syringe distribution to prevent HIV epidemics among injecting drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 42(3), 355–361. doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000219788.73539.47
   Google Scholar
• Vickerman, P., Martin, N., Turner, K., & Hickman, M. (2012). Can needle and syringe programs and opiate substitution therapy achieve substantial reductions in hepatitis C virus prevalence? Model projections for different epidemic settings. Addiction, 107(11), 1984–1995. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03932.x
   Google Scholar
• WHO, UNODC, & UNAIDS. (2013). Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users (2012 revision ed.). Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar