272
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Aversion Therapy for Alcoholism: Chemical, Electrical, or Verbal Imaginary?

Pages 157-209 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • Altman J. Organic Foundations of Animal Behavior. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York 1966
  • American Psychological Association. Ethical Principles in the Conduct of Research with Human Participants. Washington, D.C. 1973
  • Anant S. S. A note on the treatment of alcoholics by a verbal aversion technique. Canadian Psychol. 1967; 8a(1)19–22
  • Anant S. S. Treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts by verbal aversion techniques. Intern. J. Addictions 1968; 33: 381–388
  • Ashem B., Donner L. Covert sensitization with alcoholics: A controlled replication. Behav. Res. Therapy 1968; 6: 7–12
  • Bandura A. Principles of Behavior Modification. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York 1969
  • Barlow D. H., Leitenberg H., Agras W. S., Callahan E. J., Moore P. C. The contribution of therapeutic instruction to covert sensitization. Behav. Res. Therapy 1972; 10: 411–415
  • Barnett S. A. The Rat—A Study in Behaviour. Adline, Chicago 1963
  • Beaubrum M. H. Treatment of alcoholism in Trinidad and Tobago. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1967; 113: 643–658
  • Best P. J., Orr J. Effects of hippocampal lesions on passive avoidance and taste aversion conditioning. Physiol. Behav. 1973; 10: 193–196
  • Bigelow G., Liebson I. Cost factors controlling alcoholic drinking. Psychol. Rec. 1972; 22: 305–314
  • Bigelow G., Liebson I., Griffiths R. Alcoholic drinking: Suppression by a brief time–out precedure. Behav. Res. Therapy 1974; 12: 107–115
  • Blake B. G. The application of behavior therapy to the treatment of alcoholism. Behav. Res. Therapy 1965; 3: 75–85
  • Blake B. G. A follow–up of alcoholics treated by behavior therapy. Behav. Res. Therapy 1967; 5: 89–94
  • Bronson G. The hierarchical organization of the central nervous system: Implications for learning processes and critical periods in early development. Behav. Sci. 1965; 10: 7–25
  • Cautela J. R. Treatment of compulsive behavior by covert sensitization. Psychol. Rep. 1966; 16: 3341
  • Cautela J. R. Covert sensitization. Psychol. Rep. 1967; 20: 459–468
  • Cautela J. R. Behavior therapy and self–control: Techniques and implications. Behavior Therapy: Appraisal and Status, C. M. Franks. McGraw–Hill, New York 1969
  • Cautela J. R. The treatment of alcoholism by covert sensitization. Psychother.: Theory, Res. Practice 1970; 7(2)86–90
  • Clancy J., Vanderhoof E., Campbell P. Evaluation of an aversive technique as a treatment for alcoholism: Controlled trial with succinylcholine–induced apnea. Quart. J. Stud. Alc. 1967; 28: 476–485
  • Cohen M., Liebson L. A., Faillace L. A. The role of reinforcement contingencies in chronic alcoholism: An experimental analysis of one case. Behav. Res. Therapy 1971; 9: 375–379
  • Cohen M., Liebson F. A., Faillace L. A., Speers W. Alcoholism: Controlled drinking and incentives for abstinence. Psychol. Rep. 1971; 28: 575–580
  • Davidson R. S. Moderation of alcoholic behavior. Newsletter Res. Psychol. 1972; 14(1)30–31, Published by Veterans Administration Center, Bay Pines, Florida
  • Davidson R. S., Wallach E. S. Shock facilitation and suppression of alcohol–and coke–maintained behavior. Psychol. Rep. 1972; 31: 415–424
  • Davies D. L. Normal drinking in recovered alcohol addicts. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1962; 23: 94–104
  • De Morsier G., Feldman H. Le traitment de l'alcoholism par l'apomorphine; etude de 500 cas. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 1952; 70: 434–440
  • Dinc H. I., Smith J. C. Role of the olfactory bulbs in the detection of ionizing radiation by the rat. Physiol. Behav. 1966; 1: 139–144
  • Domjan M., Wilson N. E. Specificity of cue to consequence in aversion learning in the rat. Psychonomic Sci. 1972; 26: 143–145
  • Elkins R. L. Effects of Limbic Lesions on Irradiation Contingent Saccharin Preference Shifts. University of Georgia. 1970, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Elkins R. L. Aversion Therapy for Alcoholics: Chemical, Electrical or Imaginary?. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Miami Beach, April, 1971, Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Elkins R. L. Attenuation of drug–induced bait–shyness to a palatable flavor as an increasing function of its availability prior to conditioning. J. Behav. Biol. 1973a; 9: 221–226
  • Elkins R. L. Individual differences in bait–shyness: Effects of drug dose and measurement technique. Psychol. Rec. 1973b; 23: 349–358
  • Elkins R. L. Conditioned flavor aversions to familiar tap water in rats: An adjustment with implications for aversion therapy treatment of alcoholism and obesity. J. Abnormal Psychol. 1974a; 83: 411–417
  • Elkins R. L. Conditioned Versus Demand Nausea. Paper presented at the North American Congress on Alcohol and Drug Problems, San Francisco, December, 1974b
  • Elkins R. L., Hobbs S. H. Dissociation of Shock–Motivated Compartment and Drug–Induced Flavor Aversions Following Selective Olfactory System Lesions. Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroscience, St Louis, Missouri, October, 1974
  • Elkins R. L., Murdock R. P., Wiggins S. L. Autonomic response changes associated with imaginary alcohol consumption and verbally induced nausea during covert sensitization treatment for alcoholism. Newsletter Res. Psychol. 1972; 14: 29–31
  • Evans M. The Cardiff plan and the Welsh Unit. Paper presented at the Eleventh Summer Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Alcoholism, OsloNorway, June, 1965
  • Farrar C. H., Powell B. J., Martin L. K. Punishment of alcohol consumption by apneic paralysis. Behav. Res. Therapy 1968; 6: 13–16
  • Feldman M. P., Macculloch M. J. The application of anticipatory avoidance learning to the treatment of homosexuality. I. Theory, technique and preliminary results. Behav. Res. Therapy 1965; 2: 165–183
  • Franks C. M. Alcohol, alcoholism and conditioning: A review of the literature and some theoretical considerations. J. Mental Sci. 1958; 104: 14–33
  • Franks C. M. Behavior therapy, the principles of conditioning and the treatment of the alcoholic. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1963; 24: 511–529
  • Franks C. M. Conditioning and conditioned aversion therapies in the treatment of the alcoholic. Intern. J. Addictions 1966; 1: 61–98
  • Garcia J., Ervin F. R. Gustatory–visceral and telereceptor–cutaneous conditioning—adaptation in internal and external milieus. Commun. Behav. Biol. Part A. 1968; 1(6)389–415
  • Garcia J., Ervin F. R., Koelling R. A. Learning with prolonged delay of reinforcement. Psychonomic Sci. 1966; 5: 121–122
  • Garcia J., Kimeldorf D. J., Koelling R. A. Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 1955; 122: 157–158
  • Garcia J., Koelling R. A. Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Sci. 1966; 4: 123–124
  • Garcia J., Kovner R., Green K. Cue properties versus palatability of flavors in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Sci. 1970; 20: 313–314
  • Garcia J., McGowan B. K., Ervin F. R., Koelling R. A. Cues: Their relative effectiveness as a function of the reinforcer. Science 1968; 160: 794–795
  • Gerand D. L., Saenger G. Interval between intake and follow–up as a factor in the evaluation of patients with a drinking problem. Quart. J. Studies Ale. 1959; 20: 620–630
  • Gold S., Neufeld I. J. A learning approach to the treatment of homosexuality. Behav. Res. Therapy 1965; 2: 201–204
  • Goldfried M. R., Trier C. S. Effectiveness of relaxation as an active coping skill. J. Abnormal Psychol. 1974; 83: 348–355
  • Gottheil E., Alterman A., Skoloda T. E., Murphy B. F. Alcoholics' patterns of controlled drinking. Amer. J. Psychiat. 1973; 130: 418–422
  • Gottheil E., Crawford H. D., Cornelison F. S. The alcoholic's ability to resist available alcohol. Diseases Nervous System 1973; 34: 80–82
  • Green K. F., Garcia J. Recuperation from illness: Flavor enhancement for rats. Science 1971; 173: 749–751
  • Hankins W. G., Garcia J., Rusiniak K. W. Dissociation of odor and taste in baitshyness. Behav. Biol. 1973; 8: 1–13
  • Herrick C. J. The Brain of the Tiger Salamander—Ambystoma Tigrinum. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago 1948
  • Herrick C. J. The Evolution of Human Nature. Univ. Texas Press, Austin 1956
  • Hill M. J., Blane H. T. Evaluation of psychotherapy with alcoholics—A critical review. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1967; 28: 76–104
  • Hobbs S. H., Elkins R. L., Peacock L. J. Taste–aversion conditioning in rats with septal lesions. Behav. Biol. 1974; 11: 239–245
  • Holzinger R., Mortimer R., Van Dusen W. Aversion conditioning treatment of alcoholism. Amer. J. Psychiat. 1967; 124: 246–247
  • Hsu J. J. Electro conditioning therapy of alcoholics—A preliminary report. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1965; 26: 449–459
  • Hunt G. M., Azrin N. H. A community–reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behav. Res. Therapy 1973; 11: 91–104
  • Jellinek E. M. The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Hillhouse, New Haven 1960
  • Kantorovich N. V. An attempt at curing alcoholism by associated reflexes. Novaye v Refleksologii i Fiziologii Neronoy Sistemy 1929; 3: 436–445, ‘Psychol. Abstr 4(4282), 1930. Summarized by G.H.S. Razran, Conditioned withdrawal responses with shock as the conditioning stimulus in adult human subjects. Psychol. Bull 31, 111–143, 1934.’
  • Kattwinkel E. E. Death due to cardiac disease following the use of emetine hydrochloride in conditioned–reflex treatment of chronic alcoholism. New England J. Med. 1949; 240: 995–997
  • Kemble E. D., Nagel A. Failure to form a learned taste aversion in rats with amygdaloid lesions. Bull. Psychonomic Soc. 1973; 2: 155–156
  • Kendall R. E. Normal drinking by former alcohol addicts. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1965; 26: 247–257
  • Kimeldorf D. J., Hunt E. L. Ionizing Radiation: Neural Function and Behavior. Academic, New York 1965
  • Laverty S. G. Aversion therapies in the treatment of alcoholism. Psychosom. Med. 1966; 28: 651–666
  • Lazarus A. A. Aversion therapy and sensory modalities: Clinical impressions. Percept. Motor Skills 1968; 27: 178
  • Lemere F., Voegtlin W. L. An evaluation of the aversion treatment of alcoholism. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1950; 11: 199–204
  • Lovibond S. H., Caddy G. Discriminated aversive control in the moderation of alcoholics drinking behavior. Behav. Therapy 1970; 1: 437–444
  • Macculloch M. J., Feldman M. P., Orford J. F., Macculloch M. L. Anticipatory avoidance learning in the treatment of alcoholism: A record of therapeutic failure. Behav. Res. Therapy 1966; 4: 187–196
  • Madill M. F., Campbell D., Laverty S. G., Sanderson R. E., Vandewater S. L. Aversion treatment of alcoholics by succinylcholine–induced apneic paralysis—An analysis of early changes in drinking behavior. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1966; 27: 483–509
  • Maletzky B. M. Assisted covert sensitization in the treatment of exhibitionism. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1974; 42: 34–40
  • Marlatt G. A., Demming B., Reid J. B. Loss of control drinking in alcoholics. An experimental analogue. J. Abnormal Psychol. 1973; 81: 233–241
  • McCance C., McCance P. F. Alcoholism in North–East Scotland: Its treatment and outcome. Brit. J. Psychiat. 1969; 115: 189–198
  • McGowan B. K., Garcia J., Ervin F. R., Schwartz J. Effects of septal lesions on bait–shyness in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 1969; 4: 907–909
  • McGowan B. K., Hankins W. G., Garcia J. Limbic lesions and control of the internal and external environment. Behav. Biol. 1972; 7: 841–852
  • McGuire R., Vallance M. Aversion therapy by electric shock: A simple technique. Brit. Med. J. 1964; 1: 151–152
  • Miller C. R., Elkins R. L., Peacock L. J. Disruption of a radiation–induced preference shift by hippocampal lesions. Physiol. Behav. 1971; 6: 283–285
  • Miller E. C., Dvorak B. A., Turner D. W. A method of creating aversion to alcohol by reflex conditioning in a group setting. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1960; 21: 424–431
  • Miller N. E. Studies of fear as an acquirable drive: I. Fear as motivation and fear–reduction as reinforcement in the learning of new responses. J. Exp. Psychol. 1948; 38: 89–101
  • Miller P. M., Barlow D. H. Behavioral approaches to the treatment of alcoholism. J. Nervous Mental Disease 1973; 157: 10–20
  • Murphy L. R., Brown T. Hippocampal lesions and learned taste aversions. Physiol. Psychol. 1974; 2: 60–64
  • Norvig J., Nielsen B. A follow–up of 221 alcohol addicts in Denmark. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1956; 17: 633–642
  • Pattison E. M., Gleser G. C., Gottschalf L. A., Headley E. G. Abstinence and normal drinking: An assessment of changes in drinking patterns in alcoholics after treatment. Quart. J. Studies Ale. 1968; 29: 610–633
  • Pavlov I. P. Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes. International Publishers, New York 1928
  • Peacock L. J., Watson J. A. Radiation–induced aversion to alcohol. Science 1964; 143: 1462–1463
  • Pfeffer A. Z., Berger S. A follow–up study of treated alcoholics. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1957; 18: 624–648
  • Pickens R., Bigelow G., Griffiths R. An experimental approach to treating chronic alcoholism: A case study and one–year follow–up. Behav. Res. Therapy 1973; 11: 321–325
  • Pokorny A. D., Cleveland S. E., Miller B. A. Response to treatment of alcoholism: A follow–up study. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1968; 29: 364–381
  • Rachman S. Aversion therapy: Chemical or electrical?. Behav. Res. Therapy 1965; 2: 289–299
  • Rachman S. J., Teasdale J. Aversion therapy: An appraisal. Behavior Therapy: Appraisal and Status, C. M. Franks. McGraw–Hill, New York 1969a; 279–320
  • Rachman S. J., Teasdale J. Aversion Therapy and Behaviour Disorders: And Analysis. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida 1969b
  • Raymond M. J. The treatment of addiction by aversion conditioning with apomor–phine. Behav. Res. Therapy 1964; 1: 287–291
  • Razran G. H.S. Conditioned withdrawal responses with shock as the conditioning stimulus in adult human subjects. Psychol. Bull. 1934; 31: 111–143
  • Regester D. C. Change in Autonomic Responsivity and Drinking Behavior of Alcoholics as a Function of Aversion Therapy. Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. Nebraska; University Microfilms. 1971; 514, No. 71–19
  • Revusky S. H. Aversion to sucrose produced by contingent x–irradiation: Temporal and dosage parameters. J. Comparative Physiol. Psychol. 1968; 65: 17–22
  • Robson R. A. H., Paulus I., Clarke G. C. An evaluation of the effect of a clinical treatment program on the rehabilitation of alcoholic patients. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1965; 26: 264–278
  • Rohan W. A comparison of two aversion conditioning procedures for problem drinking. Newsletter Res. Psychol. 1970; 12(4)14–15, Published by Veterans Administration Center, Bay Pines, Florida
  • Rolls B. J., Rolls E. T. Effects of lesions in the basolateral amygdala on fluid intake in the rat. J. Comparative Physiol. Psychol. 1973; 83: 240–247
  • Rozin P., Kalat J. W. Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptative specializations of learning. Psychol. Rev. 1971; 78: 459–486
  • Salter A. Conditioned Reflex. Farrar Strauss, New York 1949
  • Sanderson R. E., Campbell D., Laverty S. G. An investigation of a new aversive conditioning treatment for alcoholism. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1963; 24: 261–275
  • Schneider M., Baker K. E. The drive level of different intensities of shock. Amer. J. Psychol. 1958; 71: 587–590
  • Seligman M. E.P. On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychol. Rev. 1970; 77: 406–418
  • Selzer M. L., Holloway W. H. A follow–up of alcoholics committee to a state hospital. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1957; 18: 98–120
  • Shadel C. A. Aversion treatment of alcohol addiction. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1944; 5: 216–228
  • Sidman M. Tactics of Scientific Research. Basic Books, New York 1960
  • Sobell L. C., Sobell M. B. A self–feedback technique to monitor drinking behavior in alcoholics. Behav. Res. Therapy 1973; 11: 237–238
  • Sobell L. C., Sobell M. B., Christelman W. C. The myth of “one drink.”. Behav. Res. Therapy 1972; 10: 119–123
  • Sobell M. B., Sobell L. C. Individualized behavior therapy for alcoholics. Behav. Therapy 1973; 4: 49–72
  • Voegtlin W. L. The treatment of alcoholism by establishing a conditioned reflex. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 1940; 199: 802–899
  • Voegtlin W. L. Conditioned reflex therapy of chronic alcoholism. Ten years' experience with the method. Rocky Mountain Med. J. 1947; 44: 807–812
  • Voegtlin W. L., Lemere F. The treatment of alcohol addiction: A review of the literature. Quart. J. Studies Alc. 1942; 2: 717–803
  • Vogler R. E., Lunde S. E., Johnson G. R., Martin P. L. Electrical aversion conditioning with chronic alcoholics. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1970; 34: 302–307
  • Vogler R. E., Lunde S. E., Martin P. L. Electrical aversion conditioning with chronic alcoholics: Follow–up and suggestions for research. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1971; 36: 450
  • Wallerstein R. S., Associates. Hospital Treatment of Alcoholism: A Comparative Experimental Study. Basic Books, New York 1957
  • Wicoxon H. C., Dragoin W. B., Kral P. A. Illness–induced aversions in rat and quail: Relative salience of visual and gustatory cues. Science 1971; 171: 826–828
  • Wicoxon H. C., Dwyer J., Fulmer S. Quail Learn Conditioned Aversions to Colored Water with Two–Hour Delay of Aversive Consequence. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, April, 1972
  • Williams E. Y. Management of chronic alcoholism. Psychiat. Quart. 1947; 21: 190–198
  • Wilson G. T., Davison G. C. Aversion techniques in behavior therapy: Some theoretical and metatheoretical considerations. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1969; 33: 327–329
  • Wish P. A., Cautela J. R., Steffen J. J. Covert reinforcement: An experimental test. Proceedings of the 78th Annual Convention, APA. 1970; 513–514
  • Wisocki P. A. The Empirical Evidence of Covert Sensitization in the Treatment of Alcoholism: An Evaluation. Paper presented at the AABT Convention, Miami, 1970
  • Wolpe J. Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, California 1958

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.