The Chronic Cerebral Effects of Cannabis Use. I. Methodological Issues and Neurological Findings

References

• Agarwal A. K., Sethi B. B., Gupta S. C. Physical and cognitive effects of chronic bhang (cannabis) intake. Indian J. Psychiatry 1975; 17: 1–7
   Google Scholar
• Altaian H., Evenson R. C. Marijuana use and subsequent psychiatric symptoms: A replication. Compr. Psychiatry 1973; 14: 415–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benabud A. Psycho-pathological aspects of the cannabis situation in Morocco: Statistical data for 1956. Bull. Nar 1957; 9: 1–16
   Google Scholar
• Bolter J. F., Hannon R. Cerebral damage associated with alcoholism: A Reexamination. Psychol. Record 1980; 30: 165–179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman M., Pihl R. O. Cannabis: Psychological effects of chronic heavy use. Psy-chopharmacologia 1973; 29: 159–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer C. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet January 15, 1972; 143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bull J. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet December 25, 1971; 1420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell A. M. G., Evans M., Thomson J. L. G., Williams M. J. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet December 4, 1971; 1219–1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell A. M. G., Thomson J. L. G., Evans M., Williams M. J. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet January 22, 1972; 202–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannabis Encephalopathy?. Lancet December 4, 1971; 1420–1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlin A. S., Trupin E. W. The effect of long term chronic marijuana use on neuropsychological functioning. Int. J. Addict 1977; 12: 617–624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra I. C., Chopra R. N. The use of the cannabis drugs in India. Bull. Nar 1957; 9: 4–29
   Google Scholar
• Chopra R. N., Chopra G. S. The present position of hemp-drug addiction in India. Indian Med. Res. Mem 1939; 31: 1–119
   Google Scholar
• Citron B. P., Halpern M., Mc Carron M., Lundberg G. D., Mc Cormick R., Pincus I. J., Tatter D., Haverback B. J. Necrotizing angiitis associated with drug abuse. N. Engl. J. Med 1970; 283: 1003–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Co B. T., Goodwin D. W., Gado M., Mikhael M., Hill S. Y. Absence of cerebral atrophy in chronic cannabis users. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1977; 237: 1229–1230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb W. A. The normal adult EEG. Electroencephalopathy: A Symposium on Its Various Aspects, D. Hill, G. Parr. Macmillan, New York 1963; 232–249
   Google Scholar
• Culver C. M., King F. W. Neuropsychological assessment of undergraduate marihuana and LSD users. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1974; 31: 707–711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans M. Cannabis and cerebral atrophy. R. Soc. Health J 1974; 94: 15–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filskov S. B., Goldstein S. G. Diagnostic validity of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol 1974; 42: 382–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden C. J. Diagnosis and Rehabilitation in Clinical Psychology. Charles C. Thompson, Springfield, IL 1978
   Google Scholar
• Goodman S. J., Becker D. P. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with amphetamine abuse. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1970; 212: 480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabski D. A. Toluene sniffing producing cerebellar degeneration. Am. J. Psychiatry 1961; 35: 461–462
   Google Scholar
• Grant I., Adams K. M., Carlin A. S., Rennick P. M., Judd L. L., Schoof K. The collaborative neuropsychological study of polydrug users. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1978; 35: 1063–1074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant I., Judd L. L. Neuropsychological and EEG disturbances in polydrug users. Am. J. Psychiatry 1976; 133: 1039–1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant I., Mohns L. Chronic cerebral effects of alcohol and drug abuse. Int. J. Addict 1975; 10: 883–920
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grant I., Mohns L., Miller M., Reitan R. M. A neuropsychological study of polydrug users. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1976; 33: 973–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant I., Reed R., Adams K., Carlin A. Neuropsychological functioning in young alcoholics and polydrug abusers. J. Clin. Neuropsychol 1979; 1: 39–47
   Google Scholar
• Grant I., Rochford J., Fleming T., Stunkard A. A. A neuropsychological assessment of the effects of moderate marihuana use. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 1973; 156: 278–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinker R. R., Sahs A. L. Neurology6th ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL 1966
   Google Scholar
• Grinspoon L. Marijuana and brain damage: A criticism of the study. Contemp. DrugProbl, A. M.G. Campbell, et al, 1972; 1: 811–814
   Google Scholar
• Hall J. H., III, Karp H. R. Acute progressive ventral pontine disease in heroin abuse. Neurology 1913; 23: 6–1
   Google Scholar
• Hill H. E., Belleville R. E. Effects of chronic barbiturate intoxication on motivation and muscular coordination. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 1953; 70: 180–188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hyde F. E. Far Eastern Trade: 1860-1914. Barnes and Noble, New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine Report. Marijuana and Health. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1982
   Google Scholar
• Isbell H., Altschul S., Kornetsky C. H., Eisenman A. J., Flanary H. G., Fraser H. F. Chronic barbiturate intoxication. Arch. Neurol Psychiatry 1950; 64: 1–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Judd L. L., Grant I. Brain dysfunction in chronic sedative users. J. Psychedelic Drugs 1975; 7: 143–149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane F. J., Jr., Keeler M. H., Reifler C. B. Neurological crises following meth-amphetamine. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1969; 210: 556–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Durgs Commission 1893–1894, J. Kaplan. Thos. Jefferson, Silver Spring, MD 1969
   Google Scholar
• Karacan I., Fernandez-Salas A., Coggins W. J., Carter W. E., Williams R. L., Thornby J. I., Salis P. J., Okawa M., Villaume J. P. Sleep electro-encephalographic-electrooculographic characteristics of chronic marijuana users. Part. I. Ann. NY Acad. Sci 1976; 282: 348–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinknecht R. A., Goldstein S. G. Neuropsychological deficits associated with alcoholism: A review and discussion. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 1972; 33: 999–1019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klonoff H., Fibiger C. H., Hutton G. H. Neuropsychological patterns in chronic schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 1970; 150: 291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox J. W., Nelson J. R. Permanent encephalopathy from toluene inhalation. N. Engl. J. Med 1966; 275: 1494–1496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolansky H., Moore W. T. Effects of marihuana on adolescents and young adults. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1971; 216: 486–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolansky H., Moore W. T. Clinical effects of marijuana on the young. Int. J. Psychiatry 1972; 10: 55–67, (a)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolansky H., Moore W. T. Toxic effects of chronic marihuana use. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1972; 222: 35–41, (b)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornblith A. B. Multiple drug abuse involving nonopiate, nonalcoholic substances. II. Physical damage, long-term psychological effects, and treatment approaches and success. Int. J. Addict 1981; 16: 527–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehnle J., Mendelson J. H., Davis K. R., New P. F.J. Computed tomographic examination of heavy marijuana smokers. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1977; 237: 1231–1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layzer R. B., Fishman R. A., Schafer J. A. Neuropathy following abuse of nitrous oxide. Neurology 1978; 28: 540–506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation. Clinical Examinations in Neurology2nd ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1963
   Google Scholar
• Mayor's Committee on Marijuana. The marijuana problem in the city of New York: Sociological, medical, psychological and pharmacological studies. The Marijuana Papers, D. Solomon. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis 1966; 227–360, Originally issued 1943
   Google Scholar
• Mc Coy A. W., Read C. B., Adams L. P., III. The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. Harper and Row, New York 1972
   Google Scholar
• The Use of Marihuana, J. H. Mendelson, A. M. Rossi, R. E. Meyer. Plenum Press, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Mendhiratta S. S., Wig N. N., Verma S. K. Some psychological correlates of long-term heavy cannabis users. Br. J. Psychiatry 1978; 132: 482–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikuriya T. H. Physical, mental and moral effects of marijuana: The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report. Int. J. Addict 1968; 3: 253–270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirin S. M., Weiss R. L. Substance abuse. The Practitioner's Guide to Psychoactive Drugs2nd ed., E. X. Bassok, S. C. Schoonover, A. J. Gelenberg. Plenum Press, New York 1983; 221–291
   Google Scholar
• Nattrass F. J. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet December 11, 1971; 1314
   Google Scholar
• Owen D. E. British Opium Policy in China and India. Yale University Press, New Haven 1934
   Google Scholar
• Parsons O. A. Neuropsychological deficits in alcoholics: Facts and fancies. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res 1977; 1: 51–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons O. A., Leber W. R. The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and brain damage in alcoholics: Causal, interactive or epiphenomenal?. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res 1981; 5: 326–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons O. A., Prigatano G. P. Methodological considerations in clinical neuropsychological research. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol 1978; 46: 608–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson J., Richter R. W. Neuropathological effects of opiate addiction. Medical Aspects of Drug Abuse, R. W. Richter. Harper and Row, New York 1975; 308–319
   Google Scholar
• Peterson R. C. Marijuana and health: 1980. Marijuana Research Findings: 1980, R. C. Peterson. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 31, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1980; 1–53
   Google Scholar
• Prockcp L. Specific neurological evaluation of inhalant abusers: Clinical and laboratory. Review of Inhalants: Euphoria to Dysfunction, C. W. Sharp, M. L. Brehm. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 15, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1977; 81–96
   Google Scholar
• Prockop L., Couri D. Nervous system damage from mixed organic solvents. Review of Inhalants: Euphoria to Dysfunction, C. W. Sharp, M. L. Brehm. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 15, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1977; 185–198
   Google Scholar
• Ray R., Prabhu G., Mohan D., Nath L. M., Neki J. S. The association between chronic cannabis use and cognitive functions. Drug Alcohol Depend 1978; 3: 365–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter R. W., Pearson J. Heroin addiction related neurological disorders. Medical Aspects of Drug Abuse, R. W. Richter. Harper and Row, New York 1975; 320–337
   Google Scholar
• Richter R. W., Rosenberg R. N. Transverse myelitis associated with heroin addiction. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1968; 206: 1255–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochford J., Grant I., Lavigne G. Medical students and drugs: Further neuropsychological and use pattern considerations. Int. J. Addict 1977; 12: 1057–1065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodin E. A., Domino E. F., Porzak J. P. The marihuana induced “social high. J. Am. Med. Assoc 1970; 213: 1300–1302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ron M. A. Brain damage in chronic alcoholism: A neuropathological, neuroradiological and psychological review. Psychol. Med 1977; 7: 103–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal R. Experimenter Bias in Behavioral Research. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1966
   Google Scholar
• Rubin V., Comitas L. Ganja in Jamaica. Mouton, The Hague 1975
   Google Scholar
• Satz P., Fletcher J. M., Sutker L. S. Neuropsychologic, intellectual and personality correlates of chronic marijuana use in native Costa Ricans. Ann. NY Acad. Sci 1976; 282: 266–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer J., Andrysiak T., Ungerleider J. T. Cognition and the long-term use of ganja (cannabis). Science 1981; 213: 465–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaumburg H. H., Spencer P. S. Degeneration in central and peripheral nervous systems produced by pure n-hexane: An experimental study. Brain 1976; 99: 183–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein P. S., Yessayan L., Mayman C. I. Acute transverse myelitis associated with intravenous opium. Neurology 1971; 21: 101–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber D. J., Goldman H., Kleinman K. M., Goldfader P. R., Snow M. Y. The relationship between independent neuropsychological and neurological detection and localization of cerebral impairment. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 1976; 162: 360–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz C. J. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet February 12, 1972; 374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soueif M. I. Differential association between chronic cannabis use and brain function deficts., 4wi. NY Acad. Sci 1976; 282: 323–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashish: Studies of Long-Term Use, C. Stefanis, R. Dornbush, M. Fink. Raven Press, New York 1977
   Google Scholar
• Susser M. Ceiebial atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet January 1, 1972; 41–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swiercinsky D. P., Leigh G. Comparison of neuropsychological data in the diagnosis of brain impairment with computerized tomography and other neurological procedures. J Clin. Psychol 1979; 35: 242–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R. E. Psychological deficits in chronic alcoholics: A review. Int. J. Addict 1975; 10: 327–368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter R. E. Neuropsychological investigations of alcoholism. Empirical Studies of Alcoholism, F. Goldstein, C. Neuringer. Ballinger Pub-Ushers, Cambridge, MA 1976
   Google Scholar
• Thompson W. R., Waldman M. B. Cervical myelopathy following heroin administration. J. Med. Soc. NJ 1970; 67: 223–224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsushima W. T., Wedding D. A comparison of the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery and computerized tomography in the identification of brain disorder. J. Nerv. Menu Dis 1979; 167: 704–707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valpey R., Sumi S. M., Copass M. K., Goble G. J. Acute and chronic progressive encephalopathy due to gasoline sniffing. Neurology 1978; 28: 507–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vick N. A. Grinker'sNeurology7th ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL 1976
   Google Scholar
• Weiss S. R., Raskind R., Morganstern N. L., Pytlyk P. J., Baiz T. C. Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage following use of methamphetamine (“speed”). Int. Surg 1970; 53: 123–127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wert R. C., Raulin M. X. The chronic cerebral effects of cannabis use. II. Psychological findings and conclusions. Int. J. Addict 1986; 21: 629–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wig N. N., Varma V. K. Patterns of long-term heavy cannabis use in North India and its effects on cognitive functions: A preliminary report. Drug Alcohol Depend 1977; 2: 211–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson D. A. Examination of alcoholics by computer tomographic (CT) scans: A critical review. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res 1982; 6: 31–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinberg N. E. Against hysteria. Int. J. Psychiatry 1972; 10: 69–73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar