Drug Use, Needle Sharing, and HIV Risk among Injection Drug-Using Street Youth

References

• Baxter D. N., Schlecht B. Patterns of behavior among injection drug users—implications for HIV. Public Health 1990; 104(5)321–325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buning E. C., Van Brussel G. H. A., Van Santen G. Amsterdam's drug policy and its implications for controlling needle sharing. Needle Sharing among Intravenous Drug Abusers: National and International Perspectives, R. J. Battjes, R. W. Pickens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1988; 59–74, NIDA Research Monograph Series
   Google Scholar
• Celentano D. D., Vlahov D., Cohen S., et al. Risk factors for shooting gallery use and cessation among intravenous drug users. Am. J. Public Health 1991; 81: 1291–1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AIDS/HIV Surveillance. 1993, National Commission on AIDS Report.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Rep. 1994; 6(2)
   Google Scholar
• Chaisson R. D., Moss A. R., Onishi R., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco. Am. J. Public Health 1987; 77: 169–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitwood D. D., McCoy C. B., Inciardi J. A., et al. HIV seropositivity of needles from shooting galleries in South Florida. Am. J. Public Health 1990; 80: 150–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark G., Downing M., McQuie H., et al. Street-Based Needle Exchange Programs: The Next Step in HIV Prevention. Poster presentation at the V International Conference on AIDS. Montreal. 1989
   Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais D. C., Friedman S. R. HIV infection among drug users: Epidemiology and risk reduction. AIDS 1988; 1: 67–76
   Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais D. C., Friedman S. R. Shooting galleries and AIDS: Infection probabilities and touch policies (editorial). Am. J. Public Health 1990; 80: 142–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais D. C., Friedman S. R., Strug D. AIDS and needle-sharing within the IV drugs use subculture. The Social Dimensions of AIDS: Methods and Theory, D. Feldman, M. D. Johnson. Praeger., New York, NY 1985
   Google Scholar
• Fullilove M. T., Golden E., Fullilove R. E., et al. Crack cocaine use and high-risk behaviors among sexually active Black adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health; 1993; 14: 295–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guydish J., Bucardo J., Grinstead O., et al. Evaluating Needle Exchange in San Francisco. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, 1991a
   Google Scholar
• Guydish J., Clark G., Garcia D., et al. Evaluating needle exchange: Do distributed needles come back. Am. J. Public Health 1991b; 81: 617–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargers C., Buning E. C., Van Santen G. W., et al. The impact of the needle and syringe-exchange programme in Amsterdam on injecting risk behavior. AIDS 1989; 3: 571–576
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holtzman D., Anderson J. E., Kann L., et al. HIV instruction, HIV knowledge, and drug injection among high school students in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 1991; 81: 1596–1601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inciardi J. A. HIV, AIDS and intravenous drug use: Some considerations. J. Drug Issues 1990; 20(2)181–194
   Google Scholar
• Inciardi J., Page J. Drug sharing among intravenous drug users. AIDS 1991; 5(6)772–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan J. HIV, heroin, and heterosexual relations. Soc. Sci. Med. 1983; 32(9)1037–1050
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., Clatts M., Garcia D., Palmer R. F., Anderson J., Seeman M. Substance Use and Injection Drug Use Behaviors among Street Youth in Four US Cities. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, San Diego, CA, 1995a
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., Drucker E. Reliability and construct validity of the needle sharing inventory. Int. J. Addict. 1989; 24(6)515–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., Montgomery S. B., MacKenzie R. G. Substance use among youth seen at a community-based health clinic. J. Adolesc. Health 1993a; 14: 289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., Montgomery S., Simon T., Palmer R., Iverson E. Homeless Youth: Drug Use Patterns and HIV Risk Profiles According to Peer Group Affiliation. Presented at the Third Science Symposium on HIV Prevention: Current Status and Future Directions, Flagstaff, AZ, 1995b
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., O'Connor S., Nelson B. Assessing the Effectiveness of Street Outreach for Youth through the Use of Probability Sampling
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., O'Connor S., Palmer R. F., Lafrance S. Street Youth and HIV: Meeting the Challenge in Two Communities. Presented at the annual conference of the American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1993b
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., O'Connor S., Palmer R. F., MacKenzie R. G. Street youth in Los Angeles: Profile of a group at high risk for HIV. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1995c; 149: 513–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., O'Connor S., Palmer R. F., Unger J., LaFrance S. Street youth, their peer group affiliation and differences according to residential status, subsistence patterns and use of services. Adolescence
   Google Scholar
• Kipke M. D., Unger J., Palmer R. F., O'Connor S. (unpublished manuscript, b). Sex, Drugs and Rock & Roll: The Impact of Self-Identified Peer Group Affiliation on Street Youths' Risk Behaviors.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis D. K., Watters J. K. The prevalence of high-risk sexual behavior in male intravenous drug users with steady female partners. Am. J. Public Health 1990; 80: 465–466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura S., Grossman J. I., Lipton D. S., et al. Determinants of needle sharing among intravenous drug users. Am. J. Public Health 1989; 79: 459–462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmor M., Des Jarlais D. C., Cohen H., et al. Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City. AIDS 1987; 1: 39–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzger D., Woody G., DePhillips D., et al. Risk factors for needle sharing among methadone-treated patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 1991; 148(5)636–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy S. Intravenous drug use and AIDS: Notes on the social economy of needle sharing. Contemp. Drug Probl. 1987; 14(3)373–410
   Google Scholar
• Murphy S., Waldorf D. Kicking down to the street doc: Shooting galleries in the San Francisco Bay area. Contemp. Drug Probl. 1991; 28(1)9–29
   Google Scholar
• New York City Department of Public Health. The Pilot Needle Exchange Study in New York City: A Bridge to Treatment. New York City Department of Public Health, New York, NY 1989, 125 Worth Street
   Google Scholar
• Page J. B., Smith P. C., Kane N. Shooting galleries, their proprietors, and implications for prevention of AIDS. Drugs Soc. 1990; 5(1)69–85
   Google Scholar
• Power R., Hartnoll R., Daviadud E. Drug injecting, AIDS, and risk behavior: Potential for change and intervention strategies. Br. J. Addict. 1988; 83: 649–654
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purchase D., Hagan H., Des Jarlais D. C., Reid T. Historical Account of the Tacoma Syringe Exchange. Poster presentation at the V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, 1989
   Google Scholar
• Schoenbaum E. E., Hartel D., Selwyn P. A., et al. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in intravenous drug users. New Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321: 874–879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens R. C., Alemagno S. A. Injection and sexual risk behaviors of male heterosexual injecting drug users. The Context of HIV Risk among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners (NIDA Monograph 143). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1994
   Google Scholar
• Stimson G. Injecting Equipment Exchange Schemes: Final Report. Monitoring Research Group, Goldsmith's College., New Cross, LondonUK 1988; 988
   Google Scholar
• Turner C., Miller H., Moses L. AIDS, Sexual Behavior and Intravenous Drug Use. National Academy Press., Washington, DC 1990
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Hoek J. A. R., Van Haastrecht H. J. A., Coutinho R. A. Risk reduction among intravenous drug users in Amsterdam under the influence of AIDS. Am. J. Public Health 1989; 79: 1355–1357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahov D., Munoz A., Anthony J. C., et al. Association of drug injection patterns with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 among IVDUS in Baltimore. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1990; 132: 847–856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldorf D., Murphy S. IV drug use and syringe sharing practices in call men and hustlers. AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution, N. Plant. Routledge., LondonEngland 1989
   Google Scholar
• Watters J. K. Meaning and context: The social factrs of intravenous drugs use and HIV transmission in the inner city. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1988; 20(2)173–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters J. K., Estilo M. J., Clark G. L., Lorvick J. Syringe and needle exchange as HIV/AIDS prevention for injection drug users. JAMA 1994; 271(12)115–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams M. HIV infection among a national sample of adolescent intravenous drug abusers. Alcoholism Treat. Q. 1993; 10(12)107–121
   Google Scholar
• Wolk J., Wodak A., Morlet A., et al. Syringe HIV seroprevalence and behavioural and demographic characteristics of intravenous drug users in Sydney, Australia. AIDS 1988; 2: 373–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar