Ethnic Differences in Substance Use and Alcohol-Use-Related Mortality among First Generation Migrants to England and Wales

References

• Adelasco L., Monarca A., Dantes M., Moioli M. G., Vinci M., Croce G., Tavani E., Nat Angel R., Luccelli P. D. Features of chronic hepatitis in alcoholics: A survey in Milan. Liver 1987; 7(5)283–289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agren G., Jakobsson S. W. Validation of diagnoses on death certificates for male alcoholics in Stockholm. Forensic Sci. Int. 1987; 33(231)231–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asogwa S. E. Health Promotion in the Workplace: Alcohol and Drug Abuse (Who Technical Report Series). World Health Organization, GenevaSwitzerland 1993
   Google Scholar
• Balarajan R., Adelstein A. M., Bulusu L., Shukla V. Patterns of mortality among migrants to England and Wales from the Indian sub-continent. Br. Med. J. 1984; 289: 1185–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balarajan R., Yuen R. British smoking and drinking habits: Variation by country of birth. Community Med. 1986; 8(3)237–239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bales R. Cultural differences in rates of alcoholism. Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 1946; 6(6)480–499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banerjee A., Virdee S. Alcohol related problems in ethnic minorities. Br. J. Psychiatry 1986; 149: 383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Digest 2: Information on the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales, G. Barclay, C Drew, R. Hatton, C. Abbot. Home Office Research and Statistics Department, London 1995
   Google Scholar
• Bell G., Cremona A. Alcohol and death certification: A survey of current practice and attitudes. Br. Med. J. 1987; 295(6590): 95
   Google Scholar
• Black S. A., Markides K. S. Acculturation and alcohol consumption in Puerto Rican, Cuban-American, and Mexican-American women in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 1993; 83(6)890–893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore K. Health and illness among the elderly or minority ethnic groups living in Birmingham: Some new findings. Health Trends 1984; 14: 69–72
   Google Scholar
• Mortality and Geography: A Review in the Mid-1980s (Registrar General's Decennial Supplement for England and Wales, Series DS, No 9), M. Britton. HMSO, London 1990
   Google Scholar
• Brown C. Black and White Britain: The Third Psi Survey. Gower, London 1984
   Google Scholar
• Cahalan D., Room R. Problem Drinking Among American Men. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 1974
   Google Scholar
• Clarke M., Ahmed N., Romaniuk H., Marjot D. H., Murray L. I. M. Ethnic differences in the consequences of alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcoholism 1990; 25(1)9–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton D., Hills M. Statistical Models in Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 1993
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane R. Mental illness in immigrants to England and Wales: An analysis of mental hospital admissions, 1971. Soc. Psychiatry 1977; 12: 25–35
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane R., Bal S. Migration and schizophrenia: An examination of five hypotheses. Soc. Psychiatry 1987; 22: 181–191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochrane R., Bal S. Mental hospital admission rates of immigrants to England: A comparison of 1971 and 1981. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 1989; 24: 2–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane R., Bal S. The drinking habits of Sikh, Hindu, Muslim and White men in the West Midlands: A community survey. Br. J. Addict. 1990; 85(6)759–769
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochrane R., Howell M. Drinking patterns of Black and White men in the West Midlands. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 1995; 30(3)139–146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coelho L. M., Jeffers L. J., Bernstein D. E., Goodman J. J., Reddy K. R., De Medina M. Hepatitis C virus in alcoholic patients with and without clinically apparent liver disease. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 1995; 19(5)1173–1176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford A., Plant M. A., Kreitman N., Latcham R. W. Self-reported alcohol consumption and adverse consequences of drinking in three areas of Britain; General population studies. Br. J. Addict. 1985; 80: 421–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruikshank J., Jackson S., Beevers D., Bannan L., Beevers M., Stewart V. Similarity of blood pressure in Blacks, Whites, and Asians in England: The Birmingham Factory Study. J. Hypertension 1985; 3: 365–371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dean A. Alcohol in Hebridean culture: 16th-20th century. Addiction 1995; 90: 277–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean A. (1996) Chaos and intoxication: Drug and alcohol use in complex systems. Problems of Drug Dependence. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Scientific Meeting, College on Problems of Drug Dependence. 1996, Nida. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD
   Google Scholar
• Department of Employment. Family Spending, 1990. HMSO, London 1991
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson L. J. Health and social status of elderly Asians: A community survey. Br. Med. J. 1986; 293: 1079–1082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egolf B., Lasker J., Wolf S., Potvin L. The Roseto effect: A 50-year comparison of mortality rates. Am. J. Public Health 1992; 82(8)1089–1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley D. O., Richards T., Bell R. M. Effects of reporting methods on infant-mortality rate estimates for racial and ethnic subgroups. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 1995; 6(1)60–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox A. J., Goldblatt P. O. Longitudinal Study: Socio-demographic Mortality Differentials 1971–75 (Series LS, No. 1). HMSO, London 1982
   Google Scholar
• Furnham A., Bochner S. Culture Shock: Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments. Methuen, London 1986
   Google Scholar
• Greenslade L., Pearson M., Madden M. A good man's fault: Alcohol and Irish people at home and abroad. Alcohol Alcoholism 1995; 30(4)407–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber A. J., Pope H. G. Cannabis psychotic disorder: Does it exist?. Am. J. Addict. 1994; 3(1)72–83
   Google Scholar
• Haberman P. W., Weinbaum D. F. Liver cirrhosis with and without mention of alcohol as cause of death. Br. J. Addict. 1990; 85(2)217–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn R. A., Eberhardt S. Life expectancy in 4 US racial ethnic populations—1990. Epidemiology 1995; 6(4)350–355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haines A., Booroff A., Goldenburg E., Morgan P., Singh M., Wallace P. Blood pressure, smoking, obesity and alcohol consumption in Black and White patients in general practice. J. Hypertension 1987; 1: 39–46
   Google Scholar
• Harding S., Balarajan R. Patterns of mortality in second generation Irish living in England and Wales: Longitudinal study. Br. Med. J. 1996; 312(1 June)1389–1392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison L., Carr-Hill R. Alcohol and Disadvantage amongst the Irish in England. Federation of Irish Societies, London 1992
   Google Scholar
• Harrison L., Carr-Hill R., Sutton M. Consumption and harm: Drinking patterns of the Irish, the English and the Irish in England. Alcohol Alcoholism 1993; 28(6)715–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henley A. The Asian community in Britain. Race and Social Work, V. Coombe, A. Little. Tavistock, London 1986
   Google Scholar
• Herd D. Migration, cultural transformation and the rise of Black liver cirrhosis mortality. Br. J. Addict. 1985; 80(4)397–410
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herd D., Grube J. Black identity and drinking in the US: A national study. Addiction 1996; 91(6)845–857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Home Office. The Ethnic Origins of Prisoners (Statistical Bulletin 21/94). Research and Statistics Department, Home Office, London 1994
   Google Scholar
• Hudson B. Influence of race on sentencing. New Community 1989; 16(1)23–34
   Google Scholar
• Jackson J. The Irish in Britain. Routledge, London 1963
   Google Scholar
• Jordan J. M., Bass M. J. Errors in death certificate completion in a teaching hospital. Clin. Invest. Med./Med. Clin. Exp. 1993; 16(4)249–255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemp I., Carstairs V. The reliability of death certification as a measure of the level of alcohol problems. Community Med. 1987; 9(2)146–151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreitman N. Three themes in the epidemiology of alcoholism. Alcoholism: New Knowledge and New Responses, G. Edwards, M. Grant. Croom Helm, London 1977
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood R., Lipsedge M. Aliens and Alienists: Ethnic Minorities and Psychiatrists. Penguin, HarmondsworthUK 1982
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M., Adelstein A., Bulusu L. Immigrant Mortality in England and Wales, 1970–78 (Studies in Medical and Population Subjects, No. 47). HMSO, London 1984
   Google Scholar
• Mather H. M., Marjot D. H. Alcohol-related admissions to a psychiatric hospital: A comparison of Asians and Europeans. Br. J. Addict. 1989; 84(3)327–329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathers D. C., Ghodse A. H. Cannabis and psychotic illness. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992; 161: 648–653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaw K. Migrant workers. Clinical Manual of Substance Abuse, J. Kinney. Mosby Year Book, St Louis, MO 1991
   Google Scholar
• McGovern D., Cope R. The compulsory detention of males of different ethnic groups with special reference to offender patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 1987; 150: 505–512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire P. K., Jones P., Harvey I., Bebbington P., Toone B., Lewis S., Murray R. M. Cannabis and acute psychosis. Schizophr. Res. 1994; 13(2)161–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKeigue P., Karmi G. Alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in Afro-Caribbeans and South Asians in the United Kingdom. Alcohol Alcoholism 1993; 28(1)1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza H., Pearson G., Phillips S. Drugs, People and Services in Lewisham. Goldsmiths College, University of London, London 1991
   Google Scholar
• Mohan D., Sharma H. India. International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture, D.B. Heath. Greenwood, Westport, CT 1995
   Google Scholar
• Morgan K., Clarke D. To what extent is dementia under reported on British death certificates?. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1995; 10(11)987–990
   Google Scholar
• Morgan M., Grube J. The Irish and alcohol: A classic case of ambivalence. Ir. J. Psychol. 1994; 15(2–3)390–403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen K., Williams R., Hunt K. Irish descent, religion and alcohol and tobacco use. Addiction 1996; 91(2)243–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Migrant Resource Program. Farmworker Substance Abuse: An Action Plan for the Year 2000. National Migrant Resource Program, Austin, TX 1991
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor J. The Young Drinkers: A Cross-national Study of Social and Cultural Influences. Tavistock, London 1978
   Google Scholar
• Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. General Household Survey 1988. HMSO, London 1990
   Google Scholar
• Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Census 1991: Ethnic Group and Country of Birth. HMSO, London 1993
   Google Scholar
• Ohri S., Faruqi S. Racism, employment and unemployment. Britain's Black Population, A. Bhat, R. Carr-Hill, S. Ohri. Gower, AldershotUK 1988
   Google Scholar
• Perola M., Vuori E., Penttila A. Abuse of alcohol in sudden out-of-hospital deaths in Finland. Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 1994; 18(2)255–260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips D. P., Ruth T. E. Adequacy of official suicide statistics for scientific research and public policy. Suicide Life-Threat. Behav. 1993; 23(4)307–319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raferty J., Jones D., Rosato M. The mortality of 1st and 2nd generation Irish immigrants in the UK. Soc. Sci. Med. 1990; 31(5)577–584
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsay M., Percy A. Drug Misuse Declared: The Results of the 1994 British Crime Survey (Home Office Research Study 151). Home Office, London 1996
   Google Scholar
• Reed T. E. Ethnic differences in alcohol use, abuse, and sensitivity: A review with genetic interpretation. Soc. Biol. 1985; 32(3–4)195–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarman Lord. Brixton Disorders, 10th–12th April 1981: Report of an Inquiry. HMSO, London 1991
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt W. The epidemiology of cirrhosis of the liver: A statistical analysis of mortality data with special reference to Canada. Alcohol and the Liver, M.M. Fisher, J.G. Rankin. Plenum Press, New York, NY 1977
   Google Scholar
• Shiomi S., Kuroki T., Minamitani S., Ueda T., Nishiguchi S., Nakajima S. Effect of drinking on the outcome of cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis-B or hepatitis-C. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1992; 7(3)274–282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor C., Kilbane P., Passmore N., Davies R. Prospective study of alcohol-related admissions in an inner city related hospital. Lancet 1986; 2: 265–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board. Worldwide epidemiology of Hepatitis B. Viral Hepatitis 1 January, 1996; 2
   Google Scholar
• Walsh B. Alcoholic beverages in Ireland: Market forces and government policy. Br. J. Addict. 1989; 84(10)1163–1171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wickramasinghe S. N., Corridan B., Izaguirre J., Hasan R., Marjot D. H. Ethnic differences in the biological consequences of alcohol abuse: A comparison between South Asian and European males. Alcohol Alcoholism 1995; 30(5)675–680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R. The health of the Irish in Britain. Vie Politics of “Race” and Health, W. Ahmad. University of Bradford, BradfordUK 1992
   Google Scholar
• Wilson P. Drinking in England and Wales. HMSO, London 1980
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Health Statistics Annual. World Health Organization, GenevaSwitzerland 1991
   Google Scholar
• Yorkshire Substance Misuse Information Centre. The Yorkshire Substance Misuse Database Annual Report 1993–4. Leeds Addiction Unit, Leeds, UK 1993
   Google Scholar