2,467
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Use of Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Treatment of Anaphylaxis: Resource Document for the National Association of EMS Physicians Position Statement

, MD, EMT-P & , MD, MPH
Pages 570-576 | Received 09 May 2011, Accepted 12 May 2011, Published online: 08 Aug 2011

References

  • Grouhi M, Alshehri M, Hummel D, Roifman CM. Anaphylaxis and epinephrine auto-injector training: who will teach the teachers? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:190–3.
  • Thain S, Rubython J. Treatment of anaphylaxis in adults: results of a survey of doctors at Dunedin Hospital, New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2007;120:U2492.
  • Wang J, Sicherer SH, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Primary care physicians’ approach to food-induced anaphylaxis: a survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114:689–91.
  • Lieberman P, Camargo CA Jr, Bohlke K, Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: findings of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis Working Group. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97:596–602.
  • Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE. Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy. 2008;63:1061–70.
  • Jacobsen RC, Gratton MC. A case of unrecognized prehospital anaphylactic shock. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15:61–6.
  • Yocum MW, Butterfield JH, Klein JS, Volcheck GW, Schroeder DR, Silverstein MD. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in Olmsted County: a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(2 pt 1):452–6.
  • Maio RF, Garrison HG, Spaite DW, Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Project I (EMSOP I): prioritizing conditions for outcomes research. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:423–32.
  • Bock SA. The incidence of severe adverse reactions to food in Colorado. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90(4 pt 1):683–5.
  • National Association of EMS Physicians. The use of epinephrine for out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis [position statement]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15:XXX–XX.
  • Fortenberry E, Laine J, Shalit M. Use of epinephrine for anaphylaxis by emergency medical technicians in a wilderness setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:785–7.
  • Murphy KR, Hopp RJ, Kittelson EB, Hansen G, Windle ML, Walburn JN. Life-threatening asthma and anaphylaxis in schools: a treatment model for school-based programs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96:398–405.
  • Pongracic JA, Kim JS. Update on epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19:94–8.
  • Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE. Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(4):CD006312.
  • Walker DM. Update on epinephrine (adrenaline) for pediatric emergencies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21:313–9.
  • Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(3 suppl 2):S483–S523.
  • Simons FE. Epinephrine (adrenaline) in the first-aid, out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis. Novartis Found Symp. 2004;257:228–43; discussion 243–7, 276–85.
  • Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:380–4.
  • Yunginger JW, Sweeney KG, Sturner WQ, Fatal food-induced anaphylaxis. JAMA. 1988;260:1450–2.
  • Department of Transportation and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Emergency Medical Technician-Basic National Standard Curriculum. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/ems/pub/emtbnsc.pdf. Accessed March 12, 2010.
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National EMS Scope of Practice Model, September 2006. Available at: http://www.nasemsd.org/documents/FINALEMSSept2006_PMS314.pdf. Accessed January 27,2011.
  • Rea TD, Edwards C, Murray JA, Cloyd DJ, Eisenberg MS. Epinephrine use by emergency medical technicians for presumed anaphylaxis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:405–10.
  • Lindbeck GH, Burns DM, Rockwell DD. Out-of-hospital provider use of epinephrine for allergic reactions: pilot program. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:592–6.
  • Simons FE, Lieberman PL, Read EJ Jr, Edwards ES. Hazards of unintentional injection of epinephrine from autoinjectors: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;102: 282–7.
  • Fitzcharles-Bowe C, Denkler K, Lalonde D. Finger injection with high-dose (1:1,000) epinephrine: does it cause finger necrosis and should it be treated? Hand (N Y). 2007;2:5–11.
  • Muck AE, Bebarta VS, Borys DJ, Morgan DL. Six years of epinephrine digital injections: absence of significant local or systemic effects. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:270–4.
  • Haymore BR, Carr WW, Frank WT. Anaphylaxis and epinephrine prescribing patterns in a military hospital: underutilization of the intramuscular route. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2005;26:361–5.
  • Muller UR. [Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis and cardiovascular disease]. Hautarzt. 2008;59: 206, 208–11.
  • Brown AF. Therapeutic controversies in the management of acute anaphylaxis. J Accid Emerg Med. 1998;15:89–95.
  • Pumphrey RS. Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1144–50.
  • Brown SG. Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5:359–64.
  • Kounis NG. Kounis syndrome (allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction): a natural paradigm? Int J Cardiol. 2006;110:7–14.
  • Marone G, Bova M, Detoraki A, Onorati AM, Rossi FW, Spadaro G. The human heart as a shock organ in anaphylaxis. Novartis Found Symp. 2004;257:133–49; discussion 149-60, 276-85.
  • Putland M, Kerr D, Kelly AM. Adverse events associated with the use of intravenous epinephrine in emergency department patients presenting with severe asthma. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:559–63.
  • Smith D, Riel J, Tilles I, Kino R, Lis J, Hoffman JR. Intravenous epinephrine in life-threatening asthma. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:706–11.
  • Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network. EMTs and epinephrine. Available at: http://www.foodallergy.org/page/emergency-medical-services . Accessed March 3, 2011.
  • Wallace DV, Vitanza JM, Marshall G. The use of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis in the pre-hospital setting. American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AACAAI) 2009 Annual Scientific Meeting: Abstract 13. Arllington Heights, IL: American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, November 9th, 2009.
  • Alaska State Legislature. Use of epinephrine in emergency situations. Available at: http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_bill_text.asp?hsid=HB0277Z&session=26. Accessed May 2, 2011.
  • New York State Department of Health, Bureau of EMS Policy Statements and SEMAC Advisories. Defibrillators and epinephrine requirements. 2010. Available at: http://www.nyhealth.gov/nysdoh/ems/policy/10-01.htm. Accessed May 4, 2011.
  • Sicherer SH, Forman JA, Noone SA. Use assessment of self-administered epinephrine among food-allergic children and pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2000;105:359–62.
  • Arkwright PD. Automatic epinephrine device use in children with food allergies [comment]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:267–8; author reply 268.
  • Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Wolf BL, Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis. A review of 266 cases. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1749–54.
  • Pouessel G, Deschildre A, Castelain C, Parental knowledge and use of epinephrine auto-injector for children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:221–6.
  • Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, Simons KJ. Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101(1 pt 1):33–7.
  • Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ. Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:871–3.
  • Vanden Hoek TL, Morrison LJ, Shuster M, Part 12: cardiac arrest in special situations: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;122(18 suppl 3):S829–S861.
  • Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A, Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions—guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation. 2008;77:157–69.
  • Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report—second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:373–80.
  • Song TT, Nelson MR, Chang JH, Engler RJ, Chowdhury BA. Adequacy of the epinephrine autoinjector needle length in delivering epinephrine to the intramuscular tissues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94:539–42.
  • Morrison CA, Horwitz IB, Carrick MM. Ethical and legal issues in emergency research: barriers to conducting prospective randomized trials in an emergency setting. J Surg Res. 2009;157:115–22.
  • Gu X, Simons KJ, Simons FE. Is epinephrine administration by sublingual tablet feasible for the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis? A proof-of-concept study. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2002;23:213–6.
  • Pijak MR, Gazdik F. Dilemmas regarding the proper route of adrenaline administration in anaphylaxis. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2006;107:26–30.
  • Heilborn H, Hjemdahl P, Daleskog M, Adamsson U. Comparison of subcutaneous injection and high-dose inhalation of epinephrine—implications for self-treatment to prevent anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986;78:1174–9.
  • Simons FE, Gu X, Johnston LM, Simons KJ. Can epinephrine inhalations be substituted for epinephrine injection in children at risk for systemic anaphylaxis? Pediatrics. 2000;106:1040–4.
  • Plohetski T. Should dispatchers tell callers how to give allergic reaction medication? Austin EMS officials push for national standard on giving instructions over the phone. Austin American Statesman. April 13, 2009. Available at: http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/04/13/0413dispatch.html . Accessed June 24, 2011.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.