References
- Cummins RO, Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom AP, Litwin PE. Survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. 1985;3: 114–9.
- Cummins R, Ornato J, Thies WH, Pepe P. Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the “chain of survival” concept. Circulation. 1991;83:1832–47.
- Cummins RO. The “chain of survival” concept: how it can save lives. Heart Dis Stroke. 1992;1:43–5.
- Eisenberg MS, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP, Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests with rapid defibrillation by emergency medical technicians. N Engl J Med. 1980;302: 1379–83.
- Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Cretin S, Spaite DW, Larsen MP. Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation. 1997;96:3308–13.
- Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG. Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1206–9.
- White RD, Asplin BR, Bugliosi TF, Hankins DG. High discharge survival rate after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation with rapid defibrillation by police and paramedics. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28:480–5.
- Ministry of Health, Singapore. Health Facts Singapore. 2002.
- Pantridge JF, Wilson C. A history of prehospital coronary care. Ulster Med J. 1996;65:68–73.
- Haynes BE. JF Pantridge: starting hearts out of hospital. J Emerg Med. 1986;4:163–6.
- Mullins RJ. A historical perspective of trauma system development in the United States. J Trauma. 1999;47(3 suppl):S8–14.
- Cales RH, Trunkey DD. Preventable trauma deaths. A review of trauma care systems development. JAMA. 1985;254:1059–63.
- Nathens AB, Brunet FP, Maier RV. Development of trauma systems and effect on outcomes after injury. Lancet. 2004;363:1794–801.
- Ong ME, Ng FS, Overton J, Geographic-time distribution of ambulance calls in Singapore: utility of geographic information system in ambulance deployment (CARE 3). Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2009;38:184–91.
- Singapore Department of Statistics. Key Annual Indicators. Available at: www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/annual/indicators.html. 2004.
- Ong EHM, Chan YH, Anantharaman V, Lau ST, Lim SH, Seldrup J. Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation Epidemiology in Singapore (CARE I study). Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:427–33.
- Ong ME, Tan EH, Ng FS, Survival outcomes with the introduction of intravenous epinephrine in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:635–42.
- Ong ME, Tan EH, Yan X, An observational study describing the geographic-time distribution of cardiac arrests in Singapore: what is the utility of geographic information systems for planning public access defibrillation? (PADS Phase I). Resuscitation. 2008;76:388–96.
- Urban Redevelopment Authority. Singapore Master Plan 2003. Available at: http://www.ura.gov.sg/mp08/map. jsf?goToRegion=SIN, Accessed July 30, 2008.
- Banerjee S, Wall MM, Carlin BP. Frailty modeling for spatially correlated survival data, with application to infant mortality in Minnesota. Biostatistics. 2003;4:123–42.
- Earnest A, Morgan G, Mengersen K, Ryan L, Summerhayes R, Beard J. Evaluating the effect of neighbourhood weight matrices on smoothing properties of conditional autoregressive (CAR) models. Int J Health Geogr. 2007;6(Nov 29):54.
- Gelman A. Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models. Bayesian Anal. 2005;1(2):1–19.
- Brooks SP, Gelman A. Alternative methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Comput Graph Stat. 1998;7:434–55.
- Spiegelhalter DJ, Best NG, Carlin BP, Van der Linde A. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit (with discussion). J R Stat Soc B. 2002;64:583–640.
- Best N, Richardson S, Thomson A. A comparison of Bayesian spatial models for disease mapping. Stat Methods Med Res. 2005;14:35–9.
- Peleg K, Pliskin JS. A geographic information system simulation model of EMS: reducing ambulance response time. Am J Emerg Med. 2004;22:164–70.
- Elliott P, Wartenberg D. Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:998–1006.
- Besag J, York J, Mollie A. Bayesian image restoration with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann Inst Stat Math. 1991;43(1):1–59.
- Jin X, Carlin BP. Multivariate parametric spatiotemporal models for county level breast cancer survival data. Lifetime Data Anal. 2005;11(1):5–27.
- Diva U, Dey DK, Banerjee S. Parametric models for spatially correlated survival data for individuals with multiple cancers. Stat Med. 2008;27:2127–44.
- Chang JC, Schoenberg FP. A statistical analysis of Santa Barbara ambulance response in 2006: performance under load. West J Emerg Med. 2009;10:42–7.
- Peters J, Hall GB. Assessment of ambulance response performance using a geographic information system. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49:1551–66.
- Greenland S, Morgenstern H. Ecological bias, confounding, and effect modification. Int J Epidemiol. 1989;18:269–74.
- Morgenstern H. Ecological studies. In: Armitage P, Colton T (eds). Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. New York: Wiley, 1998.
- Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Difficulties with regression analyses of age-adjusted rates. Biometrics. 1984;40:437–43.