References
- Zheng Z-J, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation. 2001;104:2158–63.
- Writing Group Members, Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:480–6.
- Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Sinibaldi G, White RD. Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States. Resuscitation. 2004;63:17–24.
- Gallagher EJ, Lombardi G, Gennis P. Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274:1922–5.
- Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J, . for the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:511–9.
- Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Cretin S, Spaite DW, Larsen MP. Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation. 1997;96:3308–13.
- Larsen M, Eisenberg M, Cummins R, Hallstrom A. Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:1652–8.
- Brison RJ, Davidson JR, Dreyer JF, Cardiac arrest in Ontario: circumstances, community response, role of prehospital defibrillation and predictors of survival. Can Med Assoc J. 1992;147:191–9.
- Copley D, Mantle J, Rogers W, Russell R, Jr, Rackley C. Improved outcome for prehospital cardiopulmonary collapse with resuscitation by bystanders. Circulation. 1977 1977;56:901–5.
- Cummins RO, Eisenberg MS. Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Is it effective? JAMA. 1985;253:2408–12.
- Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC. Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:190–5.
- Nichol G, Stiell IG, Laupacis A, Pham B, Maio VJD, Wells GA. A cumulative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of defibrillator-capable emergency medical services for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34(4 pt 1):517–25.
- Hauff SR, Rea TD, Culley LL, Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation [see comment]. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:731–7.
- Benson PC, Eckstein M, McClung CD, Racial/ethnic differences in bystander CPR in Los Angeles, California. Ethnicity Dis. 2009;19:401–6.
- Ornato JP. Science of emergency medical dispatch. Circulation. 2009;119:2023–5.
- Cummins RO, Ornato JP, Thies WH, Pepe PE. Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the “chain of survival” concept. A statement for health professionals from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Subcommittee and the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1991;83:1832–47.
- Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Culley LL, Becker L. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest [see comment]. Circulation. 2001;104:2513–6.
- Berdowski J, Beekhuis F, Zwinderman AH, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW. Importance of the first link: description and recognition of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an emergency call. Circulation. 2009;119:2096–102.
- Dorph E, Wik L, Steen PA. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An evaluation of efficacy amongst elderly. Resuscitation. 2003;56:265–73.
- Sanders AB, Kern KB, Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Heidenrich J, Ewy GA. Survival and neurologic outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation with four different chest compression–ventilation ratios. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:553–62.
- National Academies of Emergency Dispatch. Accreditation. Available at: http://www.maemd.org/Accred20Points Medical/ . Accessed July 15, 2009.
- Bohm K, StÂlhandske B, Rosenqvist M, Tuition of emergency medical dispatchers in the recognition of agonal respiration increases the use of telephone assisted CPR. Resuscitation. 2009;80:1025–8.
- Clark JJ, Culley L, Eisenberg M, Ulfvarson J, Hollenberg J, Svensson L. Accuracy of determining cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatchers. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23:1022–6.
- Heward A, Donohoe RT, Whitbread M. Retrospective study into the delivery of telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation to “999” callers. Emerg Med J. 2004;21:233–4.
- Lerner EB, Sayre MR, Brice JH, Cardiac arrest patients rarely receive chest compressions before ambulance arrival despite the availability of pre-arrival CPR instructions. Resuscitation. 2008;77:51–6.
- Roppolo LP, Westfall A, Pepe PE, Dispatcher assessments for agonal breathing improve detection of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2009;80:769–72.
- National Academies of Emergency Dispatch. ED-Q Certification Course. Available at: http://www.emergencydispatch.org/CertEDQCourse . Accessed July 1, 2010.
- Svensson L, Bohm K, Castrèn M, Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:434–42.
- Rea TD, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L, CPR with chest compression alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:423–33.
- Ewy GA, Zuercher M, Hilwig RW, Improved neurological outcome with continuous chest compressions compared with 30:2 compressions-to-ventilations cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a realistic swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2007;116:2525–30.
- Hüpfl M, Selig HF, Nagele P. Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;376:1552–7.
- Weisfeldt ML. In CPR, less may be better. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:481–3.
- Idris AH, Roppolo L, Idris AH, Barriers to dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation [comment]. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42:738–40.
- Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation [see comment]. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1546–53.
- Hallstrom AP. Dispatcher-assisted “phone” cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(11 suppl):N190–N192.
- Woollard M, Smith A, Whitfield R, To blow or not to blow: a randomised controlled trial of compression-only and standard telephone CPR instructions in simulated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2003;59:123–31.
- Williams JG, Brice JH, De Maio VJ, A simulation trial of traditional dispatcher-assisted CPR versus compressions—only dispatcher-assisted CPR [see comment]. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:247–53.
- Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Johnson E, Dispatcher assisted CPR: implementation and potential benefit. A 12-year study. Resuscitation. 2003;57:123–9.
- Kellermann AL, Hackman BB, Somes G. Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Validation of efficacy. Circulation. 1989;80:1231–9.
- Culley LL, Clark JJ, Eisenberg MS, Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:362–6.
- O'Neill JF, Deakin CD, O'Neill JF, Evaluation of telephone CPR advice for adult cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. 2007;74:63–7.
- Deakin CD, Evans SN, King P. Evaluation of telephone-cardiopulmonary resuscitation advice for paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2010;81:853–6.
- Dunford JV. Emergency medical dispatch. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002;20:859–75.
- Clawson J, Olola C, Heward A, Cardiac arrest predictability in seizure patients based on emergency medical dispatcher identification of previous seizure or epilepsy history. Resuscitation. 2007;75:298–304.
- Heward A, Damiani M, Hartley-Sharpe C. Does the use of the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System affect cardiac arrest detection? Emerg Med J. 2004;21:115–8.