References
- Institute of Medicine (ed). Emergency Medical Services at the Crossroads. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.
- Knapp BJ, Kerns BL, Riley I, Powers J. EMS-initiated refusal of transport: the current state of affairs. J Emerg Med. 2009;36:157–61.
- Schmidt T, Atcheson R, Federiuk C, Evaluation of protocols allowing emergency medical technicians to determine need for treatment and transport. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:663–9.
- Silvestri S, Rothrock SG, Kennedy D, Ladde J, Bryant M, Pagane J. Can paramedics accurately identify patients who do not require emergency department care? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:387–90.
- Hauswald M. Can paramedics safely decide which patients do not need ambulance transport or emergency department care? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:383–6.
- Schmidt T, Atcheson R, Federiuk C, Hospital follow-up of patients categorized as not needing an ambulance using a set of emergency medical technician protocols. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:366–70.
- Feldman MJ, Verbeek PR, Lyons DG, Chad SJ, Craig AM, Schwartz B. Comparison of the Medical Priority Dispatch System to an out-of-hospital patient acuity score. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:954–60.
- Sporer KA, Johnson NJ, Yeh CC, Youngblood GM. Can emergency medical dispatch codes predict prehospital interventions for common 9–1-1 call types? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12:470–8.
- Sporer KA, Youngblood GM, Rodriguez RM. The ability of emergency medical dispatch codes of medical complaints to predict ALS prehospital interventions. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007;11:192–8.
- Dale J, Higgins J, Williams S, Computer assisted assessment and advice for “non-serious” 999 ambulance service callers: the potential impact on ambulance despatch. Emerg Med J. 2003;20:178–3.
- Marks PJ, Daniel TD, Afolabi O, Spiers G, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS. Emergency (999) calls to the ambulance service that do not result in the patient being transported to hospital: an epidemiological study. Emerg Med J. 2002;19:449–52.
- Snooks H, Williams S, Crouch R, Foster T, Hartley-Sharpe C, Dale J. NHS emergency response to 999 calls: alternatives for cases that are neither life threatening nor serious. BMJ. 2002;325:330–3.
- Thakore S, McGugan EA, Morrison W. Emergency ambulance dispatch: is there a case for triage? J R Soc Med. 2002;95:126–9.
- Woollard M. Emergency calls not requiring an urgent ambulance response: expert consensus. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:384–91.
- Institute of Medicine (ed). Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point. Washignton, DC: National Academies Press, 2007.