AA-Amyloid is cleared by endogenous immunological mechanisms

References

• Glenner GG. Amyloid deposits and amyloidosis. The beta-fibrilloses (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1980;302:1283–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipe JD, Benson MD, Buxbaum JN, Ikeda S, Merlini G, Saraiva MJ, Westermark P. Amyloid fibril protein nomenclature: 2010 recommendations from the nomenclature committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis. Amyloid 2010;17:101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ein D, Kimura S, Terry WD, Magnotta J, Glenner GG. Amino acid sequence of an amyloid fibril protein of unknown origin. J Biol Chem 1972;247:5653–5655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sletten K, Husby G, Natvig JB. The complete amino acid sequence of an amyloid fibril protein AA1 of unusual size (64 residues). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976;69:19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westermark GT, Westermark P, Sletten K. Amyloid fibril protein AA. Characterization of uncommon subspecies from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Lab Invest 1987;57:57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westermark GT, Sletten K, Grubb A, Westermark P. AA-amyloidosis. Tissue component-specific association of various protein AA subspecies and evidence of a fourth SAA gene product. Am J Pathol 1990;137:377–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt F, Ranlov P. Transfer amyloidosis. Local and systemic amyloidosis in recipients of syngeneic spleen grafts from non-amyloidotic, casein-sensitized donor mice. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1968;73:549–558.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ranlov P, Christensen HE, Teilum G. [Experimental amyloidosis]. Ugeskr Laeg 1969;131:312–317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Axelrad MA, Kisilevsky R, Willmer J, Chen SJ, Skinner M. Further characterization of amyloid-enhancing factor. Lab Invest 1982;47:139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewold TA, Hol PR, van Andel AC, Lutz ET, Gruys E. Enhancement of amyloid induction by amyloid fibril fragments in hamster. Lab Invest 1987;56:544–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johan K, Westermark G, Engström U, Gustavsson A, Hultman P, Westermark P. Acceleration of amyloid protein A amyloidosis by amyloid-like synthetic fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:2558–2563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundmark K, Westermark GT, Nyström S, Murphy CL, Solomon A, Westermark P. Transmissibility of systemic amyloidosis by a prion-like mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:6979–6984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teilum G. Pathogenesis of amyloidosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1964;61:21–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipe JD, McAdam KP, Uchino F. Biochemical evidence for the biphasic development of experimental amyloidosis. Lab Invest 1978;38:110–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirahama T, Cohen AS. Redistribution of amyloid deposits. Am J Pathol 1980;99:539–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisilevsky R, Boudreau L. Kinetics of amyloid deposition. I. The effects of amyloid-enhancing factor and splenectomy. Lab Invest 1983;48:53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall JS, Paulus MJ, Gleason S, Gregor J, Solomon A, Kennel SJ. Micro-imaging of amyloid in mice. Meth Enzymol 2006;412:161–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuczynski M. Further contributions to the principle of amyloid. Klin Wochenschr 1923;2:2193–2195.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins PN, Pepys MB. A primed state exists in vivo following histological regression of amyloidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1990;81:325–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldenström H. On the development and resolution of human amyloid. Klin Wochenschr 1927;47:2235–2237.
   Google Scholar
• Lindqvist B, Lundberg E. [Regression of secondary amyloidosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. Lakartidningen 1989;86:3367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachmann HJ, Gilbertson JA, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN, Pepys MB. Unicentric Castleman’s disease complicated by systemic AA amyloidosis: a curable disease. QJM 2002;95:211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkayam O, Hawkins PN, Lachmann H, Yaron M, Caspi D. Rapid and complete resolution of proteinuria due to renal amyloidosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2571–2573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisniewski HM, Wegiel J, Wang KC, Kujawa M, Lach B. Ultrastructural studies of the cells forming amyloid fibers in classical plaques. Can J Neurol Sci 1989;16:535–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrak RE, Griffin WS. Dementia with Lewy bodies: Definition, diagnosis, and pathogenic relationship to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007;3:619–625.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skogen B, Thorsteinsson L, Natvig JB. Degradation of protein SAA to an AA-like fragment by enzymes of monocytic origin. Scand J Immunol 1980;11:533–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen KE, Sletten K, Sandgren O, Olsson H, Myrvold K, Westermark P. What is the role of giant cells in AL-amyloidosis? Amyloid 1999;6:89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluve-Beckerman B, Manaloor J, Liepnieks JJ. Binding, trafficking and accumulation of serum amyloid A in peritoneal macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2001;53:393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JR, Ozdemir AI, Matsuzaki M, Binette P, Calkins E. Amylod resorption: possible role of multinucleated giant cells. The apparent failure of penicillamine treatment. Johns Hopkins Med J 1972;130:278–288.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Röcken C, Stix B, Brömme D, Ansorge S, Roessner A, Bühling F. A putative role for cathepsin K in degradation of AA and AL amyloidosis. Am J Pathol 2001;158:1029–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Sweat F. Congo red as a stain for fluorescence microscopy of amyloid. J Histochem Cytochem 1965;13:693–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strebel P, Nordin J, Edwards K, Hunt J, Besser J, Burns S, Amundson G, et al. Population-based incidence of pertussis among adolescents and adults, Minnesota, 1995-1996. J Infect Dis 2001;183:1353–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sponarova J, Nyström SN, Westermark GT. AA-amyloidosis can be transferred by peripheral blood monocytes. PLoS ONE 2008;3:e3308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirahama T, Miura K, Ju ST, Kisilevsky R, Gruys E, Cohen AS. Amyloid enhancing factor-loaded macrophages in amyloid fibril formation. Lab Invest 1990;62:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluve-Beckerman B, Hardwick J, Du L, Benson MD, Monia BP, Watt A, Crooke RM, Mullick A. Antisense oligonucleotide suppression of serum amyloid A reduces amyloid deposition in mice with AA amyloidosis. Amyloid 2011;18:136–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenau BJ, Schur PH. Antibody to serum amyloid A. J Autoimmun 2004;23:179–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon FJ, Vazquez JJ. Immunohistochemical analysis of amyloid by the fluorescence technique. J Exp Med 1956;104:727–736.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maury CP, Teppo AM. Antibodies to amyloid A protein in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 1988;8:107–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodel RC, Du Y, Depboylu C, Hampel H, Frölich L, Haag A, Hemmeter U, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins containing antibodies against beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2004;75:1472–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin F, Finley J, Fang Q, Xu S, Fu SM. Human antibodies reactive with beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer’s disease. J Exp Med 1993;177:1181–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon B, Koppel R, Frankel D, Hanan-Aharon E. Disaggregation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid by site-directed mAb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:4109–4112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Nuallain B, Hrncic R, Wall JS, Weiss DT, Solomon A. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of amyloid-reactive IgG antibodies contained in human sera. J Immunol 2006;176:7071–7078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bard F, Cannon C, Barbour R, Burke RL, Games D, Grajeda H, Guido T, et al. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Nat Med 2000;6:916–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrncic R, Wall J, Wolfenbarger DA, Murphy CL, Schell M, Weiss DT, Solomon A. Antibody-mediated resolution of light chain-associated amyloid deposits. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1239–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodin K, Ellmerich S, Kahan MC, Tennent GA, Loesch A, Gilbertson JA, Hutchinson WL, et al. Antibodies to human serum amyloid P component eliminate visceral amyloid deposits. Nature 2010;468:93–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar A, Chung H, Dolios G, Wang R, Asamoah N, Lobel P, Maxfield FR. Degradation of fibrillar forms of Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide by macrophages. Neurobiol Aging 2008;29:707–715.
   Google Scholar