Gender-specific differences in biomarkers responses to acute coronary syndromes and revascularization procedures

References

• Adachi T, Naruko T, Itoh A, Komatsu R, Abe Y, Shirai N, Yamashita H, Ehara S, Nakagawa M, Kitabayashi C, Ikura Y, Ohsawa M, Yoshiyama M, Haze K, Ueda M. (2007). Neopterin is associated with plaque inflammation and destabilisation in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Heart 93:1537–1541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apple FS, Wu AH, Mair J, Ravkilde J, Panteghini M, Tate J, Pagani F, Christenson RH, Mockel M, Danne O, Jaffe AS; Committee on Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage of the IFCC. (2005). Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chem 51:810–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arant CB, Wessel TR, Olson MB, Bairey Merz CN, Sopko G, Rogers WJ, Sharaf BL, Reis SE, Smith KM, Johnson BD, Handberg E, Mankad S, Pepine CJ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study. (2004). Hemoglobin level is an independent predictor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women undergoing evaluation for chest pain: Results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:2009–2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arant CB, Wessel TR, Ridker PM, Olson MB, Reis SE, Delia Johnson B, Sharaf BL, Pauly DF, Handberg E, Zineh I, Sopko G, Kelsey SF, Noel Bairey Merz C, Pepine CJ. (2009). Multimarker approach predicts adverse cardiovascular events in women evaluated for suspected ischemia: Results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Clin Cardiol 32:244–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzazy HM, Pelsers MM, Christenson RH. (2006). Unbound free fatty acids and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein: Diagnostic assays and clinical applications. Clin Chem 52:19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldus S, Heeschen C, Meinertz T, Zeiher AM, Eiserich JP, Münzel T, Simoons ML, Hamm CW; CAPTURE Investigators. (2003). Myeloperoxidase serum levels predict risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 108:1440–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathia DP, Carless DR, Viswanathan K, Hall AS, Barth JH. (2009). Serum 99th centile values for two heart-type fatty acid binding protein assays. Ann Clin Biochem 46:464–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes-Genis A, Conover CA, Overgaard MT, Bailey KR, Christiansen M, Holmes DR Jr, Virmani R, Oxvig C, Schwartz RS. (2001). Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a marker of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 345:1022–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake GJ, Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Williams GR, Buring J, Ridker PM, Glynn RJ. (2004). Hemoglobin A1c level and future cardiovascular events among women. Arch Intern Med 164:757–761.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blake GJ, Ridker PM. (2003). C-reactive protein and other inflammatory risk markers in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:37S–42S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomkalns AL, Chen AY, Hochman JS, Peterson ED, Trynosky K, Diercks DB, Brogan GX Jr, Boden WE, Roe MT, Ohman EM, Gibler WB, Newby LK; CRUSADE Investigators. (2005). Gender disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: Large-scale observations from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines) National Quality Improvement Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:832–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan ML, Penn MS, Van Lente F, Nambi V, Shishehbor MH, Aviles RJ, Goormastic M, Pepoy ML, McErlean ES, Topol EJ, Nissen SE, Hazen SL. (2003). Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N Engl J Med 349:1595–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiriboga DE, Ma Y, Li W, Stanek EJ 3rd, Hébert JR, Merriam PA, Rawson ES, Ockene IS. (2009). Seasonal and sex variation of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in healthy adults: A longitudinal study. Clin Chem 55:313–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton TC, Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Poole-Wilson PA, Shaw TR, Knight R, Fox KA. (2004). Do men benefit more than women from an interventional strategy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction? The impact of gender in the RITA 3 trial. Eur Heart J 25:1641–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosin-Sales J, Kaski JC, Christiansen M, Kaminski P, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Cole D, Holt DW. (2005). Relationship among pregnancy associated plasma protein-A levels, clinical characteristics, and coronary artery disease extent in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 26:2093–2098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne B, Hersbach F, Pijls NH, Bartunek J, Bech JW, Heyndrickx GR, Gould KL, Wijns W. (2001). Abnormal epicardial coronary resistance in patients with diffuse atherosclerosis but “Normal” coronary angiography. Circulation 104:2401–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Bentley JH, Omland T, Sabatine MS, McCabe CH, Hall C, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. (2001). The prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 345:1014–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Abreu-Gonzalez P. (2010). Current role of ischemia-modified albumin in routine clinical practice. Biomarkers 15:655–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggers KM, Lagerqvist B, Venge P, Wallentin L, Lindahl B. (2009). Prognostic value of biomarkers during and after non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:357–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsaesser A, Hamm CW. (2004). Acute coronary syndrome: The risk of being female. Circulation 109:565–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL, Liang TY, Mannan P, Smialek J, Virmani R. (1996). Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation 93:1354–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom AR, Aleksic N, Park E, Salomaa V, Juneja H, Wu KK. (2001). Prospective study of fibrinolytic factors and incident coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:611–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, Clayton TC, Chamberlain DA, Shaw TR, Wheatley DJ, Pocock SJ; Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina Investigators. (2002). Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: The British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet 360:743–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futterman LG, Lemberg L. (2002). Novel markers in the acute coronary syndrome: BNP, IL-6, PAPP-A. Am J Crit Care 11:168–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan SC, Beaver SK, Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Lawson HW, Chan L. (2000). Treatment of acute myocardial infarction and 30-day mortality among women and men. N Engl J Med 343:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Moll X, Coccolo F, Cole D, Kaski JC. (2000). Serum neopterin and complex stenosis morphology in patients with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:956–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser R, Herrmann HC, Murphy SA, Demopoulos LA, DiBattiste PM, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. (2002). Benefit of an early invasive management strategy in women with acute coronary syndromes. Jama 288:3124–3129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorog DA. (2010). Prognostic value of plasma fibrinolysis activation markers in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:2701–2709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govender R, De Greef J, Delport R, Becker PJ, Vermaak WJ. (2008). Biological variation of ischaemia-modified albumin in healthy subjects. Cardiovasc J Afr 19:141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hájek P, Macek M, Hladíková M, Houbová B, Alan D, Durdil V, Fiedler J, Malý M, Ostádal P, Veselka J, Krebsová A. (2008). Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and proform eosinophilic major basic protein in the detection of different types of coronary artery disease. Physiol Res 57:23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haltern G, Peiniger S, Bufe A, Reiss G, Gülker H, Scheffold T. (2010). Comparison of usefulness of heart-type fatty acid binding protein versus cardiac troponin T for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 105:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazen SL. (2004). Myeloperoxidase and plaque vulnerability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1143–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heer T, Gitt AK, Juenger C, Schiele R, Wienbergen H, Towae F, Gottwitz M, Zahn R, Zeymer U, Senges J; ACOS Investigators. (2006). Gender differences in acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 98:160–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, Simoons ML; CAPTURE Study Investigators. (2003). Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 348:1104–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Bruemmer J, Simoons ML. (2000). Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: A comparative analysis. CAPTURE Investigators. Chimeric c7E3 AntiPlatelet Therapy in Unstable angina REfractory to standard treatment trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1535–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, Weaver WD, White HD, Van de Werf F, Aylward P, Topol EJ, Califf RM. (1999). Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators. N Engl J Med 341:226–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hvelplund A, Galatius S, Madsen M, Rasmussen JN, Rasmussen S, Madsen JK, Sand NP, Tilsted HH, Thayssen P, Sindby E, Højbjerg S, Abildstrøm SZ. (2010). Women with acute coronary syndrome are less invasively examined and subsequently less treated than men. Eur Heart J 31:684–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs AK. (2006). Women, ischemic heart disease, revascularization, and the gender gap: What are we missing? J Am Coll Cardiol 47:S63–S65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs AK. (2009). Coronary intervention in 2009: Are women no different than men? Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2:69–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs AK. (2009). The efficacy of drug-eluting stents in women: A window of opportunity. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2:611–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James SK, Lindbäck J, Tilly J, Siegbahn A, Venge P, Armstrong P, Califf R, Simoons ML, Wallentin L, Lindahl B. (2006). Troponin-T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predict mortality benefit from coronary revascularization in acute coronary syndromes: A GUSTO-IV substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1146–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James SK, Stenestrand U, Lindbäck J, Carlsson J, Scherstén F, Nilsson T, Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B; SCAAR Study Group. (2009). Long-term safety and efficacy of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in Sweden. N Engl J Med 360:1933–1945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernberg T, Lindahl B, James S, Larsson A, Hansson LO, Wallentin L. (2004). Cystatin C: A novel predictor of outcome in suspected or confirmed non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 110:2342–2348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernberg T, Stridsberg M, Venge P, Lindahl B. (2002). N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide on admission for early risk stratification of patients with chest pain and no ST-segment elevation. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:437–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kai H, Ikeda H, Yasukawa H, Kai M, Seki Y, Kuwahara F, Ueno T, Sugi K, Imaizumi T. (1998). Peripheral blood levels of matrix metalloproteases-2 and -9 are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:368–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaria VG, Zareba W, Moss AJ, Pancio G, Marder VJ, Morrissey JH, Weiss HJ, Sparks CE, Greenberg H, Dwyer E, Goldstein R, Watelet LF. (2000). Gender-related differences in thrombogenic factors predicting recurrent cardiac events in patients after acute myocardial infarction. The THROMBO Investigators. Am J Cardiol 85:1401–1408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosravi J, Diamandi A, Krishna RG, Bodani U, Mistry J, Khaja N. (2002). Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A: Ultrasensitive immunoassay and determination in coronary heart disease. Clin Biochem 35:531–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Shaw LJ, Arant CB, Wessel TR, Olson MB, Johnson BD, Mulukutla S, Sopko G, Merz CN, Reis SE. (2005). Global inflammation predicts cardiovascular risk in women: A report from the Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Am Heart J 150:900–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W, Sund M, Fröhlich M, Fischer HG, Löwel H, Döring A, Hutchinson WL, Pepys MB. (1999). C-Reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: Results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 99:237–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragelund C, Grønning B, Køber L, Hildebrandt P, Steffensen R. (2005). N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 352:666–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky SB, Cesari M, Pahor M. (2005). Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular health in older adults. Cardiovasc Res 66:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerqvist B, Säfström K, Ståhle E, Wallentin L, Swahn E; FRISC II Study Group Investigators. (2001). Is early invasive treatment of unstable coronary artery disease equally effective for both women and men? FRISC II Study Group Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund J, Qin QP, Ilva T, Pettersson K, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Porela P, Pulkki K. (2003). Circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein a predicts outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome but no troponin I elevation. Circulation 108:1924–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matyal R. (2008). Newly appreciated pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease in women mandates changes in perioperative management: A core review. Anesth Analg 107:37–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May M, Lawlor DA, Patel R, Rumley A, Lowe G, Ebrahim S. (2007). Associations of von Willebrand factor, fibrin D-dimer and tissue plasminogen activator with incident coronary heart disease: British Women’s Heart and Health cohort study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14:638–645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann CJ, Glover BM, Menown IB, Moore MJ, McEneny J, Owens CG, Smith B, Sharpe PC, Young IS, Adgey JA. (2009). Prognostic value of a multimarker approach for patients presenting to hospital with acute chest pain. Am J Cardiol 103:22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell JP, Branum EL, Ballman KV, Lagerstedt SA, Katzmann JA, Jaffe AS. (2002). Gender differences in C-reactive protein concentrations-confirmation with two sensitive methods. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:56–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz NB, Johnson BD, Kelsey PSF, Reis SE, Lewis JF, Reichek N, Rogers WJ, Pepine CF, Shaw LJ; Wise Study Group. Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. (2001). Diagnostic, prognostic, and cost assessment of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Manag Care 7:959–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milcent C, Dormont B, Durand-Zaleski I, Steg PG. (2007). Gender differences in hospital mortality and use of percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: Microsimulation analysis of the 1999 nationwide French hospitals database. Circulation 115:833–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Jesse RL, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Storrow AB, Wu AH, Christenson RH, Apple FS, Francis G, Tang W; National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. (2007). National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical characteristics and utilization of biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 53:552–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow DA, Sabatine MS, Brennan ML, de Lemos JA, Murphy SA, Ruff CT, Rifai N, Cannon CP, Hazen SL. (2008). Concurrent evaluation of novel cardiac biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome: Myeloperoxidase and soluble CD40 ligand and the risk of recurrent ischaemic events in TACTICS-TIMI 18. Eur Heart J 29:1096–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naruko T, Furukawa A, Yunoki K, Komatsu R, Nakagawa M, Matsumura Y, Shirai N, Sugioka K, Takagi M, Hozumi T, Itoh A, Haze K, Yoshiyama M, Becker AE, Ueda M. (2010). Increased expression and plasma levels of myeloperoxidase are closely related to the presence of angiographically-detected complex lesion morphology in unstable angina. Heart 96:1716–1722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Niemöller K, Mehilli J, von Beckerath N, von Beckerath O, Vogt W, Schömig A, Kastrati A. (2005). Prognostic value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation 112:2102–2107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson JC, Groenning BA, Nielsen G, Fritz-Hansen T, Trawinski J, Hildebrandt PR, Jensen GB, Larsson HB, Sondergaard L. (2002). Left ventricular remodeling in the first year after acute myocardial infarction and the predictive value of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide. Am Heart J 143:696–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donoghue M, Boden WE, Braunwald E, Cannon CP, Clayton TC, de Winter RJ, Fox KA, Lagerqvist B, McCullough PA, Murphy SA, Spacek R, Swahn E, Wallentin L, Windhausen F, Sabatine MS. (2008). Early invasive vs conservative treatment strategies in women and men with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Jama 300:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, Granger CB, Katus HA, Hamm CW, O’Hanesian MA, Wagner GS, Kleiman NS, Harrell FE Jr, Califf RM, Topol EJ. (1996). Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. GUSTO IIA Investigators. N Engl J Med 335:1333–1341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto F, Sohmiya K, Ohkaru Y, Kawamura K, Asayama K, Kimura H, Nishimura S, Ishii H, Sunahara N, Tanaka T. (2000). Human heart-type cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical evaluation of H-FABP in comparison with myoglobin and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB. Clin Chem Lab Med 38:231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olenchock BA, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Rifai N, Braunwald E, Morrow DA. (2008). Lack of association between soluble CD40L and risk in a large cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome in OPUS TIMI-16. J Thromb Thrombolysis 26:79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omland T, Sabatine MS, Jablonski KA, Rice MM, Hsia J, Wergeland R, Landaas S, Rouleau JL, Domanski MJ, Hall C, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E; PEACE Investigators. (2007). Prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptides in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the PEACE Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelsers MM, Chapelle JP, Knapen M, Vermeer C, Muijtjens AM, Hermens WT, Glatz JF. (1999). Influence of age and sex and day-to-day and within-day biological variation on plasma concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein and myoglobin in healthy subjects. Clin Chem 45:441–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan AD, LaCroix AZ, Langer RD, Trevisan M, Lewis CE, Hsia JA, Oberman A, Kotchen JM, Ridker PM. (2004). Tissue plasminogen activator antigen and D-dimer as markers for atherothrombotic risk among healthy postmenopausal women. Circulation 110:292–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presbitero P. (2009). The gender paradox. Eurointervention 4:415–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Rifai N, Buring JE, Manson JE. (1999). Hormone replacement therapy and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 100:713–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeters van Lennep JE, Westerveld HT, Erkelens DW, van der Wall EE. (2002). Risk factors for coronary heart disease: Implications of gender. Cardiovasc Res 53:538–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger VL, Killian JM, Weston SA, Jaffe AS, Kors J, Santrach PJ, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Jacobsen SJ. (2006). Redefinition of myocardial infarction: prospective evaluation in the community. Circulation 114:790–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogowski O, Zeltser D, Shapira I, Burke M, Zakut V, Mardi T, Ben-Assayag E, Serov J, Rozenblat M, Berliner S. (2004). Gender difference in C-reactive protein concentrations in individuals with atherothrombotic risk factors and apparently healthy ones. Biomarkers 9:85–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Omland T, Desai MY, Tanasijevic M, Hall C, McCabe CH, Braunwald E. (2004). Acute changes in circulating natriuretic peptide levels in relation to myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1988–1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Säfström K, Lindahl B, Swahn E. (2000). Risk stratification in unstable coronary artery disease–exercise test and troponin T from a gender perspective. FRISC-Study Group. Fragmin during InStability in Coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1791–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stramba-Badiale M; European Heart Health Strategy. (2010). Women and research on cardiovascular diseases in Europe: a report from the European Heart Health Strategy (EuroHeart) project. Eur Heart J 31:1677–1681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbarouni E, Georgiadou P, Kremastinos DT, Voudris V. (2008). Ischemia modified albumin: Is this marker of ischemia ready for prime time use? Hellenic J Cardiol 49:260–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sbarouni E, Georgiadou P, Panagiotakos D, Alivizatos PA, Voudris V. (2009). Increased ischaemia modified albumin following coronary artery bypass grafting. Biomarkers 14:38–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönbeck U, Varo N, Libby P, Buring J, Ridker PM. (2001). Soluble CD40L and cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation 104:2266–2268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzenberger JC, Sun LS, Pesce MA, Heyer EJ, Delphin E, Almeida GM, Wood M. (2003). Sex-based differences in serum cardiac troponin I, a specific marker for myocardial injury, after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 31:689–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sederholm Lawesson S, Tödt T, Alfredsson J, Janzon M, Stenestrand U, Swahn E. (2011). Gender difference in prevalence and prognostic impact of renal insufficiency in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 97:308–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns JD, Dávila-Román VG, Barzilai B, Thompson RE, Grogan KL, Thomas B, Hogue CW Jr. (2009). Prognostic value of troponin I levels for predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes in postmenopausal women undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 108:719–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen H, Futterer S, Merten C, Jünger C, Katus HA, Giannitsis E. (2007). Relative role of NT-pro BNP and cardiac troponin T at 96 hours for estimation of infarct size and left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 9:749–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama S, Okada Y, Sukhova GK, Virmani R, Heinecke JW, Libby P. (2001). Macrophage myeloperoxidase regulation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human atherosclerosis and implications in acute coronary syndromes. Am J Pathol 158:879–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaanenburg JC, Visser-VanBrummen PJ, DeJongste MJ, Tiebosch AT. (2001). The content and distribution of troponin I, troponin T, myoglobin, and α-hydroxybutyric acid dehydrogenase in the human heart. Am J Clin Pathol 115:770–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varo N, de Lemos JA, Libby P, Morrow DA, Murphy SA, Nuzzo R, Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Braunwald E, Schönbeck U. (2003). Soluble CD40L: Risk prediction after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 108:1049–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, Leip EP, Benjamin EJ, Wilson PW, Sutherland P, Omland T, Vasan RS. (2002). Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 90:254–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M, Hamm C. (2008). Novel biomarkers–the long march from bench to bedside. Eur Heart J 29:1079–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M, Rabenau B, Stanisch M, Elsaesser A, Mitrovic V, Heeschen C, Hamm C. (2006). Influence of sample type and storage conditions on soluble CD40 ligand assessment. Clin Chem 52:888–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Cannon CP, Morrow DA, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, Sabatine MS, Rifai N, Giugliano RP, DiBattiste PM, Demopoulos LA, Antman EM, Braunwald E. (2004). Differential expression of cardiac biomarkers by gender in patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A TACTICS-TIMI 18 (Treat Angina with Aggrastat and determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 18) substudy. Circulation 109:580–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AH. (2009). Gender-specific decision limits for cardiac troponin for risk stratification? Anesth Analg 108:686–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AH, Feng YJ. (1998). Biochemical differences between cTnT and cTnI and their significance for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 19 Suppl N:N25–N29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Shen Z, Nauseef WM, Hazen SL. (2002). The role of myeloperoxidase in the initiation of lipid peroxidation in plasma as studied in neutrophils isolated from myeloperoxidase deficient subjects: Systematic approach to the identification and characterization of multiple diffusible endogenous substrates for myeloperoxidase in plasma. Blood 99:1802–1810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar