10,760
Views
133
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction: can they help us deciphering systemic inflammation and sepsis?

, &
Pages S11-S21 | Received 14 Dec 2010, Accepted 10 May 2011, Published online: 28 Jun 2011

References

  • Aitkenhead M, Wang SJ, Nakatsu MN, Mestas J, Heard C, Hughes CC. (2002). Identification of endothelial cell genes expressed in an in vitro model of angiogenesis: induction of ESM-1, (beta)ig-h3, and NrCAM. Microvasc Res 63:159–171.
  • Altieri DC, Duperray A, Plescia J, Thornton GB, Languino LR. (1995). Structural recognition of a novel fibrinogen gamma chain sequence (117-133) by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates leukocyte-endothelium interaction. J Biol Chem 270:696–699.
  • Anderson RN. (2002). Deaths: leading causes for 2000. Natl Vital Stat Rep 50:1–85.
  • Andreu Ballester JC, Ballester F, González Sánchez A, Almela Quilis A, Colomer Rubio E, Peñarroja Otero C. (2008). Epidemiology of sepsis in the Valencian Community (Spain), 1995-2004. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29:630–634.
  • Anggrahini DW, Emoto N, Nakayama K, Widyantoro B, Adiarto S, Iwasa N, Nonaka H, Rikitake Y, Kisanuki YY, Yanagisawa M, Hirata K. (2009). Vascular endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 mediates vascular inflammation and neointima formation following blood flow cessation. Cardiovasc Res 82:143–151.
  • Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. (2001a). Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 7: 1303–1310.
  • Angus DC, Wax RS. (2001). Epidemiology of sepsis: an update. Crit Care Med 29:S109–S116.
  • Barleon B, Sozzani S, Zhou D, Weich HA, Mantovani A, Marmé D. (1996). Migration of human monocytes in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via the VEGF receptor flt-1. Blood 87:3336–3343.
  • Battegay EJ, Rupp J, Iruela-Arispe L, Sage EH, Pech M. (1994). PDGF-BB modulates endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro via PDGF beta-receptors. J Cell Biol 125:917–928.
  • Béchard D, Gentina T, Delehedde M, Scherpereel A, Lyon M, Aumercier M, Vazeux R, Richet C, Degand P, Jude B, Janin A, Fernig DG, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P. (2001). Endocan is a novel chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan that promotes hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor mitogenic activity. J Biol Chem 276:48341–48349.
  • Bechard D, Meignin V, Scherpereel A, Oudin S, Kervoaze G, Bertheau P, Janin A, Tonnel A, Lassalle P. (2000). Characterization of the secreted form of endothelial-cell-specific molecule 1 by specific monoclonal antibodies. J Vasc Res 37:417–425.
  • Béchard D, Scherpereel A, Hammad H, Gentina T, Tsicopoulos A, Aumercier M, Pestel J, Dessaint JP, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P. (2001). Human endothelial-cell specific molecule-1 binds directly to the integrin CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) and blocks binding to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Immunol 167:3099–3106.
  • Betsholtz C. (2003). Biology of platelet-derived growth factors in development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 69:272–285.
  • Binder BR, Christ G, Gruber F, Grubic N, Hufnagl P, Krebs M, Mihaly J, Prager GW. (2002). Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: physiological and pathophysiological roles. News Physiol Sci 17:56–61.
  • Brauner JS, Rohde LE, Clausell N. (2000). Circulating endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: early predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 26:305–313.
  • Brueckmann M, Hoffmann U, Engelhardt C, Lang S, Fukudome K, Haase KK, Liebe V, Kaden JJ, Putensen C, Borggrefe M, Huhle G. (2007). Prognostic value of platelet-derived growth factor in patients with severe sepsis. Growth Factors 25:15–24.
  • Carlos TM, Harlan JM. (1994). Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 84:2068–2101.
  • Claus RA, Bockmeyer CL, Sossdorf M, Lösche W. (2010). The balance between von-Willebrand factor and its cleaving protease ADAMTS13: biomarker in systemic inflammation and development of organ failure? Curr Mol Med 10:236–248.
  • Clauss M, Gerlach M, Gerlach H, Brett J, Wang F, Familletti PC, Pan YC, Olander JV, Connolly DT, Stern D. (1990). Vascular permeability factor: a tumor-derived polypeptide that induces endothelial cell and monocyte procoagulant activity, and promotes monocyte migration. J Exp Med 172:1535–1545.
  • Cocks RA, Chan TY. (1997). Alteration in leukocyte adhesion molecule expression following minor, moderate and major trauma. Eur J Emerg Med 4:193–195.
  • Cook-Mills JM, Marchese M, Abdala-Valencia H. (2010). VCAM-1 expression and signaling during disease: regulation by reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Antioxid Redox Signal.
  • Cummings CJ, Sessler CN, Beall LD, Fisher BJ, Best AM, Fowler AA 3rd. (1997). Soluble E-selectin levels in sepsis and critical illness. Correlation with infection and hemodynamic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:431–437.
  • Davis S, Aldrich TH, Jones PF, Acheson A, Compton DL, Jain V, Ryan TE, Bruno J, Radziejewski C, Maisonpierre PC, Yancopoulos GD. (1996). Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning. Cell 87:1161–1169.
  • de Vries C, Escobedo JA, Ueno H, Houck K, Ferrara N, Williams LT. (1992). The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Science 255:989–991.
  • De Waele JJ. (2010). Early source control in sepsis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 395:489–494.
  • Deitcher SR, Eisenberg PR. (1993). Elevated concentrations of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in plasma. An early marker of gram-negative bacteremia. Chest 103:1107–1112.
  • Depontieu F, Grigoriu BD, Scherpereel A, Adam E, Delehedde M, Gosset P, Lassalle P. (2008). Loss of Endocan tumorigenic properties after alternative splicing of exon 2. BMC Cancer 8:14.
  • Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL. (2007). Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit Care Med 35:1244–1250.
  • Donnelly SC, Haslett C, Dransfield I, Robertson CE, Carter DC, Ross JA, Grant IS, Tedder TF. (1994). Role of selectins in development of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 344:215–219.
  • Duffy MJ, Mullan BA, Craig TR, Shyamsundar M, Macsweeney RE, Thompson G, Stevenson M, McAuley DF. (2011). Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is a novel predictor of mortality in intensive care. Crit Care Med.
  • Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Detmar M, Dvorak AM. (1995). Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 146:1029–1039.
  • Ebihara I, Hirayama K, Kaneko S, Nagai M, Ogawa Y, Fujita S, Usui J, Mase K, Yamagata K, Kobayashi M. (2008). Vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 in septic shock patients treated with direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column. Ther Apher Dial 12:285–291.
  • Engel C, Brunkhorst FM, Bone HG, Brunkhorst R, Gerlach H, Grond S, Gruendling M, Huhle G, Jaschinski U, John S, Mayer K, Oppert M, Olthoff D, Quintel M, Ragaller M, Rossaint R, Stuber F, Weiler N, Welte T, Bogatsch H, Hartog C, Loeffler M, Reinhart K. (2007). Epidemiology of sepsis in Germany: results from a national prospective multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 33:606–618.
  • Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Leya F, Iqbal O, Wolf H, Bick R. (1998). Useful laboratory tests for studying thrombogenesis in acute cardiac syndromes. Clin Chem 44:1845–1853.
  • Ferrara N, Davis-Smyth T. (1997). The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor. Endocr Rev 18:4–25.
  • Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Mélot C, Vincent JL. (2001). Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. Jama 286:1754–1758.
  • Fiedler U, Augustin HG. (2006a). Angiopoietins: a link between angiogenesis and inflammation. Trends Immunol 12: 552–558.
  • Fiedler U, Krissl T, Koidl S, Weiss C, Koblizek T, Deutsch U, Martiny-Baron G, Marmé D, Augustin HG. (2003). Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 share the same binding domains in the Tie-2 receptor involving the first Ig-like loop and the epidermal growth factor-like repeats. J Biol Chem 278:1721–1727.
  • Fiedler U, Reiss Y, Scharpfenecker M, Grunow V, Koidl S, Thurston G, Gale NW, Witzenrath M, Rosseau S, Suttorp N, Sobke A, Herrmann M, Preissner KT, Vajkoczy P, Augustin HG. (2006). Angiopoietin-2 sensitizes endothelial cells to TNF-alpha and has a crucial role in the induction of inflammation. Nat Med 12:235–239.
  • Figueras-Aloy J, Gómez-Lopez L, Rodríguéz-Miguélez JM, Jordán-García Y, Salvia-Roiges MD, Jiménez W, Carbonell-Estrany X. (2004). Plasma endothelin-1 and clinical manifestations of neonatal sepsis. J Perinat Med 32:522–526.
  • Figueras-Aloy J, Gómez-López L, Rodríguez-Miguélez JM, Salvia-Roiges MD, Jordán-García I, Ferrer-Codina I, Carbonell-Estrany X, Jiménez-González R. (2007). Serum soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-selectin, and P-selectin levels as markers of infection and their relation to clinical severity in neonatal sepsis. Am J Perinatol 24:331–338.
  • Filep JG. (2006). Endocan or endothelial cell-specific molecule-1: a novel prognostic marker of sepsis? Crit Care Med 34:574–575.
  • Furlan M, Lämmle B. (2001). Aetiology and pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the role of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 14:437–454.
  • Gabrilovich DI, Chen HL, Girgis KR, Cunningham HT, Meny GM, Nadaf S, Kavanaugh D, Carbone DP. (1996). Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 2:1096–1103.
  • Gaengel K, Genové G, Armulik A, Betsholtz C. (2009). Endothelial-mural cell signaling in vascular development and angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29:630–638.
  • Gerber HP, Hillan KJ, Ryan AM, Kowalski J, Keller GA, Rangell L, Wright BD, Radtke F, Aguet M, Ferrara N. (1999). VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. Development 126:1149–1159.
  • Gimbrone MA Jr, Buchanan MR. (1982). Interactions of platelets and leukocytes with vascular endothelium: in vitro studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 401:171–183.
  • Grigoriu BD, Depontieu F, Scherpereel A, Gourcerol D, Devos P, Ouatas T, Lafitte JJ, Copin MC, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P. (2006). Endocan expression and relationship with survival in human non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12:4575–4582.
  • Guo M, Daines D, Tang J, Shen Q, Perrin RM, Takada Y, Yuan SY, Wu MH. (2009). Fibrinogen-gamma C-terminal fragments induce endothelial barrier dysfunction and microvascular leak via integrin-mediated and RhoA-dependent mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29:394–400.
  • Hemsén A, Modin A, Weitzberg E. (1996). Increased concentrations of endothelin-1 messenger RNA in tissues and endothelin-1 peptide in plasma in septic pigs: modulation by betamethasone. Crit Care Med 24:1530–1536.
  • Huang GW, Tao YM, Ding X. (2009). Endocan expression correlated with poor survival in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 54:389–394.
  • Iba T, Kidokoro A, Fukunaga M, Sugiyama K, Sawada T, Kato H. (2005). Association between the severity of sepsis and the changes in hemostatic molecular markers and vascular endothelial damage markers. Shock 23:25–29.
  • Ince C. (2002). The microcirculation unveiled. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1–2.
  • Janke J, Engeli S, Gorzelniak K, Feldpausch M, Heintze U, Böhnke J, Wellner M, Herse F, Lassalle P, Luft FC, Sharma AM. (2006). Adipose tissue and circulating endothelial cell specific molecule-1 in human obesity. Horm Metab Res 38:28–33.
  • Kansas GS. (1996). Selectins and their ligands: current concepts and controversies. Blood 88:3259–3287.
  • Karlsson S, Pettilä V, Tenhunen J, Lund V, Hovilehto S, Ruokonen E; Finnsepsis Study Group. (2008). Vascular endothelial growth factor in severe sepsis and septic shock. Anesth Analg 106:1820–1826.
  • Kayal S, Jaïs JP, Aguini N, Chaudière J, Labrousse J. (1998). Elevated circulating E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and von Willebrand factor in patients with severe infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:776–784.
  • Kerner T, Ahlers O, Spielmann S, Keh D, Bührer C, Gerlach M, Höfler S, Gerlach H. (1999). L-selectin in trauma patients: a marker for organ dysfunction and outcome? Eur J Clin Invest 29:1077–1086.
  • Kido T, Sawamura T, Masaki T. (1998). The processing pathway of endothelin-1 production. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31 Suppl 1:S13–S15.
  • Knoebl P. (2010). Blood coagulation disorders in septic patients. Wien Med Wochenschr 160:129–138.
  • Kranidioti H, Orfanos SE, Vaki I, Kotanidou A, Raftogiannis M, Dimopoulou I, Kotsaki A, Savva A, Papapetropoulos A, Armaganidis A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. (2009). Angiopoietin-2 is increased in septic shock: evidence for the existence of a circulating factor stimulating its release from human monocytes. Immunol Lett 125:65–71.
  • Kumar A, Haery C, Paladugu B, Kumar A, Symeoneides S, Taiberg L, Osman J, Trenholme G, Opal SM, Goldfarb R, Parrillo JE. (2006). The duration of hypotension before the initiation of antibiotic treatment is a critical determinant of survival in a murine model of Escherichia coli septic shock: association with serum lactate and inflammatory cytokine levels. J Infect Dis 193:251–258.
  • Lassalle P, Molet S, Janin A, Heyden JV, Tavernier J, Fiers W, Devos R, Tonnel AB. (1996). ESM-1 is a novel human endothelial cell-specific molecule expressed in lung and regulated by cytokines. J Biol Chem 271:20458–20464.
  • Läubli H, Borsig L. (2010). Selectins promote tumor metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 20:169–177.
  • Lee WL, Slutsky AS. (2010). Sepsis and endothelial permeability. N Engl J Med 363:689–691.
  • Lehr HA, Bittinger F, Kirkpatrick CJ. (2000). Microcirculatory dysfunction in sepsis: a pathogenetic basis for therapy? J Pathol 190:373–386.
  • Lever A, Mackenzie I. (2007). Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis. BMJ 335:879–883.
  • Levi M. (2010). The coagulant response in sepsis and inflammation. Hamostaseologie 1: 14–16.
  • Levi M. (2007). Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 35:2191–2195.
  • Levi M, Ten Cate H. (1999). Disseminated intravascular coagulation. N Engl J Med 341:586–592.
  • Levi M, ten Cate H, van der Poll T. (2002). Endothelium: interface between coagulation and inflammation. Crit Care Med 30:S220–S224.
  • Levi M, van der Poll T. (2010). Inflammation and coagulation. Crit Care Med 38:S26–S34.
  • Ley K. (2003). The role of selectins in inflammation and disease. Trends Mol Med 9:263–268.
  • Lord ST. (2007). Fibrinogen and fibrin: scaffold proteins in hemostasis. Curr Opin Hematol 14:236–241.
  • Madoiwa S, Nunomiya S, Ono T, Shintani Y, Ohmori T, Mimuro J, Sakata Y. (2006). Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 promotes a poor prognosis in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Hematol 84:398–405.
  • Maekawa K, Futami S, Nishida M, Terada T, Inagawa H, Suzuki S, Ono K. (1998). Effects of trauma and sepsis on soluble L-selectin and cell surface expression of L-selectin and CD11b. J Trauma 44:460–468.
  • Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, Compton D, McClain J, Aldrich TH, Papadopoulos N, Daly TJ, Davis S, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD. (1997). Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science 277:55–60.
  • Mammoto T, Parikh SM, Mammoto A, Gallagher D, Chan B, Mostoslavsky G, Ingber DE, Sukhatme VP. (2007). Angiopoietin-1 requires p190 RhoGAP to protect against vascular leakage in vivo. J Biol Chem 282:23910–23918.
  • Mankhambo LA, Banda DL, Jeffers G, White SA, Balmer P, Nkhoma S, Phiri H, Molyneux EM, Hart CA, Molyneux ME, Heyderman RS, Carrol ED; IPD Study Group. (2010). The role of angiogenic factors in predicting clinical outcome in severe bacterial infection in Malawian children. Crit Care 14:R91.
  • McCarter SD, Mei SH, Lai PF, Zhang QW, Parker CH, Suen RS, Hood RD, Zhao YD, Deng Y, Han RN, Dumont DJ, Stewart DJ. (2007). Cell-based angiopoietin-1 gene therapy for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:1014–1026.
  • McDonald JR, Friedman ND, Stout JE, Sexton DJ, Kaye KS. (2005). Risk factors for ineffective therapy in patients with bloodstream infection. Arch Intern Med 165:308–313.
  • McEver RP. (1997). Selectin-carbohydrate interactions during inflammation and metastasis. Glycoconj J 14:585–591.
  • McGill SN, Ahmed NA, Christou NV. (1998). Increased plasma von Willebrand factor in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome is derived from generalized endothelial cell activation. Crit Care Med 26:296–300.
  • McKeating EG, Andrews PJ, Mascia L. (1998). Leukocyte adhesion molecule profiles and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 71:200–202.
  • Mimuro J, Niimura M, Kashiwakura Y, Ishiwata A, Ono T, Ohmori T, Madoiwa S, Okada K, Matsuo O, Sakata Y. (2008). Unbalanced expression of ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand factor in mouse endotoxinemia. Thromb Res 122:91–97.
  • Morigi M, Zoja C, Figliuzzi M, Foppolo M, Micheletti G, Bontempelli M, Saronni M, Remuzzi G, Remuzzi A. (1995). Fluid shear stress modulates surface expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells. Blood 85:1696–1703.
  • Mosesson MW. (2005). Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions. J Thromb Haemost 3:1894–1904.
  • Moss M, Gillespie MK, Ackerson L, Moore FA, Moore EE, Parsons PE. (1996). Endothelial cell activity varies in patients at risk for the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 24:1782–1786.
  • Nawroth PP, Stern DM. (1985). A pathway of coagulation on endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 28:253–264.
  • Newman W, Beall LD, Carson CW, Hunder GG, Graben N, Randhawa ZI, Gopal TV, Wiener-Kronish J, Matthay MA. (1993). Soluble E-selectin is found in supernatants of activated endothelial cells and is elevated in the serum of patients with septic shock. J Immunol 150:644–654.
  • Olexa SA, Budzynski AZ, Doolittle RF, Cottrell BA, Greene TC. (1981). Structure of fragment E species from human cross-linked fibrin. Biochemistry 20:6139–6145.
  • Ono T, Mimuro J, Madoiwa S, Soejima K, Kashiwakura Y, Ishiwata A, Takano K, Ohmori T, Sakata Y. (2006). Severe secondary deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) in patients with sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: its correlation with development of renal failure. Blood 107:528–534.
  • Orfanos SE, Kotanidou A, Glynos C, Athanasiou C, Tsigkos S, Dimopoulou I, Sotiropoulou C, Zakynthinos S, Armaganidis A, Papapetropoulos A, Roussos C. (2007). Angiopoietin-2 is increased in severe sepsis: correlation with inflammatory mediators. Crit Care Med 35:199–206.
  • Papapetropoulos A, Fulton D, Mahboubi K, Kalb RG, O’Connor DS, Li F, Altieri DC, Sessa WC. (2000). Angiopoietin-1 inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via the Akt/survivin pathway. J Biol Chem 275:9102–9105.
  • Petzelbauer P, Zacharowski PA, Miyazaki Y, Friedl P, Wickenhauser G, Castellino FJ, Gröger M, Wolff K, Zacharowski K. (2005). The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta15-42 protects the myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Nat Med 11:298–304.
  • Pickkers P, Sprong T, Eijk L, Hoeven H, Smits P, Deuren M. (2005). Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased during the first 48 hours of human septic shock and correlates with vascular permeability. Shock 24:508–512.
  • Piechota M, Banach M, Irzmanski R, Barylski M, Piechota-Urbanska M, Kowalski J, Pawlicki L. (2007). Plasma endothelin-1 levels in septic patients. J Intensive Care Med 22:232–239.
  • Pierrakos C, Vincent JL. (2010). Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit Care 14:R15.
  • Rao RM, Yang L, Garcia-Cardena G, Luscinskas FW. (2007). Endothelial-dependent mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment to the vascular wall. Circ Res 101:234–247.
  • Reigstad LJ, Varhaug JE, Lillehaug JR. (2005). Structural and functional specificities of PDGF-C and PDGF-D, the novel members of the platelet-derived growth factors family. Febs J 272:5723–5741.
  • Reinhart K, Bayer O, Brunkhorst F, Meisner M. (2002). Markers of endothelial damage in organ dysfunction and sepsis. Crit Care Med 30:S302–S312.
  • Ricciuto DR, Dos Santos CC, Hawkes M, Toltl LJ, Conroy AL, Rajwans N, Lafferty EI, Cook DJ, Fox-Robichaud A, Kahnamoui K, Kain KC, Liaw PC, Liles WC. (2011). Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 as clinically informative prognostic biomarkers of morbidity and mortality in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med.
  • Rivera-Chavez F, Toledo-Pereyra LH, Nora DT, Bachulis B, Ilgenfritz F, Dean RE. (1998). P-selectin blockade is beneficial after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 45:440–445.
  • Rubin DB, Wiener-Kronish JP, Murray JF, Green DR, Turner J, Luce JM, Montgomery AB, Marks JD, Matthay MA. (1990). Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome. J Clin Invest 86:474–480.
  • Russel JA. (2008). The current management of septic shock. Minerva Med 99:431–458.
  • Sadler JE. (1998). Biochemistry and genetics of von Willebrand factor. Annu Rev Biochem 67:395–424.
  • Sakamaki F, Ishizaka A, Handa M, Fujishima S, Urano T, Sayama K, Nakamura H, Kanazawa M, Kawashiro T, Katayama M. (1995). Soluble form of P-selectin in plasma is elevated in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:1821–1826.
  • Sarrazin S, Adam E, Lyon M, Depontieu F, Motte V, Landolfi C, Lortat-Jacob H, Bechard D, Lassalle P, Delehedde M. (2006). Endocan or endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM-1): a potential novel endothelial cell marker and a new target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1765:25–37.
  • Scherpereel A, Depontieu F, Grigoriu B, Cavestri B, Tsicopoulos A, Gentina T, Jourdain M, Pugin J, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P. (2006). Endocan, a new endothelial marker in human sepsis. Crit Care Med 34:532–537.
  • Scherpereel A, Gentina T, Grigoriu B, Sénéchal S, Janin A, Tsicopoulos A, Plénat F, Béchard D, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P. (2003). Overexpression of endocan induces tumor formation. Cancer Res 63:6084–6089.
  • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Bergmann A, Müller B. (2007). Circulating precursor levels of endothelin-1 and adrenomedullin, two endothelium-derived, counteracting substances, in sepsis. Endothelium 14:345–351.
  • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Müller B. (2009). Procalcitonin and other biomarkers to improve assessment and antibiotic stewardship in infections–hope for hype? Swiss Med Wkly 139:318–326.
  • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Mueller B. (2011). Repeated measurements of endothelin-1 precursor peptides predict the outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 37:970–980.
  • Schuetz P, Stolz D, Mueller B, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Mueller C, Bingisser R, Tamm M, Christ-Crain M. (2008). Endothelin-1 precursor peptides correlate with severity of disease and outcome in patients with community acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 8:22.
  • Schweizer A, Valdenaire O, Nelböck P, Deuschle U, Dumas Milne Edwards JB, Stumpf JG, Löffler BM. (1997). Human endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1): three isoforms with distinct subcellular localizations. Biochem J 328 (Pt 3):871–877.
  • Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH, Strøm J. (2002). Soluble L-selectin levels predict survival in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 28:1613–1618.
  • Semeraro N, Colucci M. (1992). Changes in the coagulation-fibrinolysis balance of endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes: role in disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with infectious diseases. Int J Clin Lab Res 21:214–220.
  • Shapiro NI, Schuetz P, Yano K, Sorasaki M, Parikh SM, Jones AE, Trzeciak S, Ngo L, Aird WC. (2010). The association of endothelial cell signaling, severity of illness, and organ dysfunction in sepsis. Crit Care 14:R182.
  • Siemiatkowski A, Rogowski F, Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska U, Malinowska L, Borkowski J. (2001). Soluble selectin profiles associated with severe trauma. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 49:317–324.
  • Slade E, Tamber PS, Vincent JL. (2003). The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: raising awareness to reduce mortality. Crit Care 7:1–2.
  • Smith EB, Keen GA, Grant A, Stirk C. (1990). Fate of fibrinogen in human arterial intima. Arteriosclerosis 10:263–275.
  • Suri C, Jones PF, Patan S, Bartunkova S, Maisonpierre PC, Davis S, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD. (1996). Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell 87:1171–1180.
  • Tallquist M, Kazlauskas A. (2004). PDGF signaling in cells and mice. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 15:205–213.
  • Taylor FB Jr, Toh CH, Hoots WK, Wada H, Levi M; Scientific Subcommittee on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). (2001). Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost 86:1327–1330.
  • Terman BI, Dougher-Vermazen M, Carrion ME, Dimitrov D, Armellino DC, Gospodarowicz D, Böhlen P. (1992). Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187:1579–1586.
  • Thommen R, Humar R, Misevic G, Pepper MS, Hahn AW, John M, Battegay EJ. (1997). PDGF-BB increases endothelial migration on cord movements during angiogenesis in vitro. J Cell Biochem 64:403–413.
  • Thurston G, Rudge JS, Ioffe E, Zhou H, Ross L, Croll SD, Glazer N, Holash J, McDonald DM, Yancopoulos GD. (2000). Angiopoietin-1 protects the adult vasculature against plasma leakage. Nat Med 6:460–463.
  • Thurston G, Suri C, Smith K, McClain J, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD, McDonald DM. (1999). Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1. Science 286:2511–2514.
  • Trojanowska M. (2008). Role of PDGF in fibrotic diseases and systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47 Suppl 5:v2–v4.
  • Tschaikowsky K, Sägner S, Lehnert N, Kaul M, Ritter J. (2000). Endothelin in septic patients: effects on cardiovascular and renal function and its relationship to proinflammatory cytokines. Crit Care Med 28:1854–1860.
  • Tyagi A, Sethi AK, Girotra G, Mohta M. (2009). The microcirculation in sepsis. Indian J Anaesth 53:281–293.
  • van der Flier M, van Leeuwen HJ, van Kessel KP, Kimpen JL, Hoepelman AI, Geelen SP. (2005). Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in severe sepsis. Shock 23:35–38.
  • Walker JB, Nesheim ME. (1999). The molecular weights, mass distribution, chain composition, and structure of soluble fibrin degradation products released from a fibrin clot perfused with plasmin. J Biol Chem 274:5201–5212.
  • Wei CM, Lerman A, Rodeheffer RJ, McGregor CG, Brandt RR, Wright S, Heublein DM, Kao PC, Edwards WD, Burnett JC Jr. (1994). Endothelin in human congestive heart failure. Circulation 89:1580–1586.
  • Wellner M, Herse F, Janke J, Gorzelniak K, Engeli S, Bechart D, Lasalle P, Luft FC, Sharma AM. (2003). Endothelial cell specific molecule-1–a newly identified protein in adipocytes. Horm Metab Res 35:217–221.
  • Whalen MJ, Doughty LA, Carlos TM, Wisniewski SR, Kochanek PM, Carcillo JA. (2000). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are increased in the plasma of children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 28:2600–2607.
  • Witz IP. (2008). The selectin-selectin ligand axis in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27:19–30.
  • Witzenbichler B, Westermann D, Knueppel S, Schultheiss HP, Tschope C. (2005). Protective role of angiopoietin-1 in endotoxic shock. Circulation 111:97–105.
  • Wong AL, Haroon ZA, Werner S, Dewhirst MW, Greenberg CS, Peters KG. (1997). Tie2 expression and phosphorylation in angiogenic and quiescent adult tissues. Circ Res 81:567–574.
  • Yaguchi A, Lobo FL, Vincent JL, Pradier O. (2004). Platelet function in sepsis. J Thromb Haemost 2:2096–2102.
  • Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K, Masaki T. (1988). A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332:411–415.
  • Yang KY, Liu KT, Chen YC, Chen CS, Lee YC, Perng RP, Feng JY. (2011). Plasma soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 levels predict outcomes of pneumonia-related septic shock patients: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 15:R11.
  • Yano K, Liaw PC, Mullington JM, Shih SC, Okada H, Bodyak N, Kang PM, Toltl L, Belikoff B, Buras J, Simms BT, Mizgerd JP, Carmeliet P, Karumanchi SA, Aird WC. (2006). Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important determinant of sepsis morbidity and mortality. J Exp Med 203:1447–1458.
  • Yuan HT, Suri C, Landon DN, Yancopoulos GD, Woolf AS. (2000). Angiopoietin-2 is a site-specific factor in differentiation of mouse renal vasculature. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1055–1066.
  • Zambon M, Ceola M, Almeida-de-Castro R, Gullo A, Vincent JL. (2008). Implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for severe sepsis and septic shock: we could go faster. J Crit Care 23:455–460.
  • Zhang WJ, Wojta J, Binder BR. (1997). Notoginsenoside R1 counteracts endotoxin-induced activation of endothelial cells in vitro and endotoxin-induced lethality in mice in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17:465–474.
  • Zuo L, Zhang SM, Hu RL, Zhu HQ, Zhou Q, Gui SY, Wu Q, Wang Y. (2008). Correlation between expression and differentiation of endocan in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 14:4562–4568.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.