Lung cancer biomarkers for the assessment of modified risk tobacco products: an oxidative stress perspective

References

• Abou-Seif MA. (1996). Blood antioxidant status and urine sulfate and thiocyanate levels in smokers. J Biochem Toxicol 11:133–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aggett PJ, Antoine JM, Asp NG, et al. (2005). Passclaim consensus on criteria. Eur J Nutr 44:5–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitio A, Cabral JR, Camus AM, et al. (1988). Evaluation of sister chromatid exchange as an indicator of sensitivity to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in rats. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 8:273–86
   Google Scholar
• Alberg A. (2002). The influence of cigarette smoking on circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients. Toxicology 180:121–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allavena P, Garlanda C, Borrello MG, et al. (2008). Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18:3–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames B, Haroun L, Andrews AW, et al. (1979). The reliability of the Ames assay for the prediction of chemical carcinogenicity. Mutat Res 62:393–9
   Google Scholar
• Asami S, Hirano T, Yamaguchi R, et al. (1996). Increase of a type of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxyguanine, and its repair activity in human leukocytes by cigarette smoking. Cancer Res 56:2546–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asami S, Manabe H, Miyake J, et al. (1997). Cigarette smoking induces an increase in oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, in a central site of the human lung. Carcinogenesis 18:1763–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley DL, Burns DM, Djordjevic M, et al. (2007). The scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: report of a WHO study group. Geneva: World Health Organization
   Google Scholar
• Aycicek A, Ipek A. (2008). Maternal active or passive smoking causes oxidative stress in cord blood. Eur J Pediatr 167:81–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbato DL, Tomei G, Tomei F, Sancini A. (2010). Traffic air pollution and oxidatively generated DNA damage: can urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxiguanosine be considered a good biomarker? A meta-analysis. Biomarkers 15:538–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch H, Petruzzelli S, De Flora S, et al. (1992). Carcinogen metabolism in human lung tissues and the effect of tobacco smoking: results from a case–control multicenter study on lung cancer patients. Environ Health Perspect 98:119–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besaratinia A, Van Schooten FJ, Schilderman PA, et al. (2001). A multi-biomarker approach to study the effects of smoking on oxidative DNA damage and repair and antioxidative defense mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 22:395–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. (2001). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:89–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomer RJ. (2007). Decreased blood antioxidant capacity and increased lipid peroxidation in young cigarette smokers compared to nonsmokers: impact of dietary intake. Nutr J 6:36--9
   Google Scholar
• Bombick BR, Avalos JT, Nelson PR, et al. (1998). Comparative studies of the mutagenicity of environmental tobacco smoke from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Environ Mol Mutagen 31:169–75
   Google Scholar
• Borrill ZL, Roy K, Vessey RS, et al. (2008). Non-invasive biomarkers and pulmonary function in smokers. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 3:171–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branton P, McAdam K, Winter D, et al. (2011). Reduction of aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide yields in mainstream cigarette smoke using an amine functionalised ion exchange resin. Chem Central J 5:15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown BG, Lee CK, Bombick BR, et al. (1997). Comparative study of DNA adduct formation in mice following inhalation of smoke from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Environ Mol Mutagen 29:303–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buico A, Cassino C, Ravera M, et al. (2009). Oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in human plasma. Redox Rep 14:125–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calikoglu M, Unlu A, Tamer L, et al. (2002). The levels of serum vitamin C, malonyldialdehyde and erythrocyte reduced glutathione in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in healthy smokers. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:1028–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao G, Prior RL. (1998). Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clin Chem 44:1309–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance B, Sies H, Boveris A. (1979). Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev 59:527–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charames GS, Bapat B. (2003). Genomic instability and cancer. Curr Mol Med 3:589–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau CH, Rixe O, McLeod H, Figg WD. (2008). Validation of analytic methods for biomarkers used in drug development. Clin Cancer Res 14:5967–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chávez J, Cano C, Souki A, et al. (2007). Effect of cigarette smoking on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in healthy subjects. Am J Ther 14:189–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng KC, Cahill DS, Kasai H, et al. (1992). 8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes G–T and A–C substitutions. J Biol Chem 267:166–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayson DB. (1994). Mechanistic and other considerations in cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 83:15–19
   Google Scholar
• Collins AR. (1998). Molecular epidemiology in cancer research. Mol Aspects Med 19:359–432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins AR. (2005). Assays for oxidative stress and antioxidant status: applications to research into the biological effectiveness of polyphenols. Am J Clin Nutr 81:261S--7S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock GW, Alberg AJ, Huang HY, et al. (1997). The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants in the blood: ascorbic acid, carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:907–16
   Google Scholar
• Cooke MS, Olinski R, Evans MD. (2006). Does measurement of oxidative damage to DNA have clinical significance? Clin Chim Acta 365:30–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czabotar PE, Lee EF, Thompson GV, et al. (2011). Mutation to bax beyond the bh3 domain disrupts interactions with pro-survival proteins and promotes apoptosis. J Biol Chem 286:7123–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalaveris E, Kerenidi T, Katsabeki-Katsafli A, et al. (2009). VEGF, TNF-alpha and 8-isoprostane levels in exhaled breath condensate and serum of patients with lung cancer. Lung Cancer 64:219–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). How tobacco smoke causes disease: the biology and behavioral basis for smoking-attributable disease. A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Office on Smoking and Health
   Google Scholar
• DiSilvestro RA, Pacht E, Davis WB, et al. (1998). Bal fluid contains detectable superoxide dismutase 1 activity. Chest 113:401–4
   Google Scholar
• Doll R, Hill AB. (1950). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. Br Med J 2:739–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak I, Elgün S, Kemal Bingöl N, et al. (2002). Effects of cigarette smoking with different tar content on erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status. Addict Biol 7:255–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie SJ, Ma A, Ross MA, Collins AR. (1996). Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cancer Res 56:1291–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epplein M, Franke AA, Cooney RV, et al. (2009). Association of plasma micronutrient levels and urinary isoprostane with risk of lung cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:1962–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ermis B, Ors R, Yildirim A, et al. (2004). Influence of smoking on maternal and neonatal serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels. Ann Clin Lab Sci 34:405–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermis B, Yildirim A, Ors R, et al. (2005). Influence of smoking on serum and milk malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and antioxidant potential levels in mothers at the postpartum seventh day. Biol Trace Elem Res 105:27–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esterbauer H, Schaur RJ, Zollner H. (1991). Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med 11:81–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans J, Maccabee M, Hatahet Z, et al. (1993). Thymine ring saturation and fragmentation products: lesion bypass, misinsertion and implications for mutagenesis. Mutat Res 299:147–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans MD, Saparbaev M, Cooke MS. (2010). DNA repair and the origins of urinary oxidized 2′-deoxyribonucleosides. Mutagenesis 25:433–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn HJ, Wang LS, Kao SH, et al. (1998). Smoking-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations and lipid peroxidation in human lung tissues. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 19:901–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust F, Kassie F, Knasmuller S, et al. (2004). The use of the alkaline comet assay with lymphocytes in human biomonitoring studies. Mutat Res 566:209–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faux SP, Tai T, Thorne D, et al. (2009). The role of oxidative stress in the biological responses of lung epithelial cells to cigarette smoke. Biomarkers 14:90–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. (2001). Guidance for industry: bioanalytical method validation. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
   Google Scholar
• Frost-Pineda K, Zedler BK, Oliveri D, et al. (2008). Short-term clinical exposure evaluation of a third-generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS) in adult smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 52:104–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost-Pineda K, Liang Q, Liu J, et al. (2011). Biomarkers of potential harm among adult smokers and nonsmokers in the total exposure study. Nicotine Tob Res 13:182–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaber A, Tamoi M, Takeda T, et al. (2001). Nadph-dependent glutathione peroxidase-like proteins (gpx-1, gpx-2) reduce unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides in synechocystis pcc 6803. FEBS Lett 499:32–6
   Google Scholar
• Gallicchio L, Boyd K, Matanoski G, et al. (2008). Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 88:372–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold LS, Manley NB, Ames BN. (1992). Extrapolation of carcinogenicity between species: qualitative and quantitative factors. Risk Anal 12:579–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman GE, Schaffer S, Omenn GS, et al. (2003). The association between lung and prostate cancer risk, and serum micronutrients: results and lessons learned from beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:518–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greabu M, Totan A, Battino M, et al. (2008). Cigarette smoke effect on total salivary antioxidant capacity, salivary glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Biofactors 33:129–36
   Google Scholar
• Gregg EO, Fisher AL, Lowe F, et al. (2006). An approach to the validation of biomarkers of harm for use in a tobacco context. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 44:262–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg E, Hill C, Hollywood M, et al. (2004). The UK smoke constituents testing study. Summary of results and comparison with other studies. Beiträge Tabakforsch Int Contrib Tobacco Res 21:117–38
   Google Scholar
• Gregory EM, Fridovich I. (1973). Oxygen toxicity and the superoxide dismutase. J Bacteriol 114:1193–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn WC, Weinberg RA. (2002). Rules for making human tumor cells. N Engl J Med 347:1593–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Whiteman M. (2004). Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 142:231–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harju T, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Sirviö R, et al. (2004). Manganese superoxide dismutase is increased in the airways of smokers’ lungs. Eur Respir J 24:765–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman SM, Liang L, Tsitouras PD, et al. (2003). Urinary excretion of three nucleic acid oxidation adducts and isoprostane f(2)alpha measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in smokers, ex-smokers, and nonsmokers. Free Radic Biol Med 35:1301–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Rennard SI, et al. (2006). Biomarkers to assess the utility of potential reduced exposure tobacco products. Nicotine Tob Res 8:169–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbert J, Mohsenin V. (1996). Adaptation of lung antioxidants to cigarette smoking in humans. Chest 110:916–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick CN, Michaud DS, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. (2002). Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 156:536–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu W, Feng Z, Eveleigh J, et al. (2002). The major lipid peroxidation product, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, preferentially forms DNA adducts at codon 249 of human p53 gene, a unique mutational hotspot in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 23:1781–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulea SA, Olinescu R, Nita S, et al. (1995). Cigarette smoking causes biochemical changes in blood that are suggestive of oxidative stress: a case-control study. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 14:173–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2001). Clearing the smoke: assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2010). Evaluation of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in chronic disease. Washington, DC: National Academies Press
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2012). Scientific standards for studies on modified risk tobacco products. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
   Google Scholar
• Isik B, Ceylan A, Isik R. (2007). Oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers. Inhal Toxicol 19:767–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Wakai K, Suzuki K, et al.; JACC Study Group. (2005). Lung cancer mortality and serum levels of carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and folic acid in men and women: a case-control study nested in the JACC study. J Epidemiol 15:S140–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janssen LJ. (2001). Isoprostanes: an overview and putative roles in pulmonary pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280:L1067–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61:69–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keaney JF Jr, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al.; Framingham Study. (2003). Obesity and systemic oxidative stress: clinical correlates of oxidative stress in the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:434–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Kim JS, Shin HS, Keen CL. (2003). Influence of smoking on markers of oxidative stress and serum mineral concentrations in teenage girls in Korea. Nutrition 19:240–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaapen AM, Gungor N, Schins RPF, et al. (2006). Neutrophils and respiratory tract DNA damage and mutagenesis: a review. Mutagenesis 21:225–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristenson M, Kucinskiene Z, Schafer-Elinder L, et al. (2003). Lower serum levels of beta-carotene in lithuanian men are accompanied by higher urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. The Livicordia study. Nutrition 19:11–15
   Google Scholar
• Kuiper HC, Bruno RS, Traber MG, Stevens JF. (2011). Vitamin C supplementation lowers urinary levels of 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal metabolites in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 50:848–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper HC, Langsdorf BL, Miranda CL, et al. (2010). Quantitation of mercapturic acid conjugates of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal metabolites in a smoking cessation study. Free Radic Biol Med 48:65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Devanarayan V, Barrett YC, et al. (2006). Fit-for-purpose method development and validation for successful biomarker measurement. Pharm Res 23:312–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. (1998). Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-ohdg, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin e, vitamin c, beta-carotene and red ginseng). Cancer Lett 132:219–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang Y, Wei P, Duke RW, et al. (2003). Quantification of 8-iso-prostaglandin-f(2alpha) and 2,3-dinor-8-iso-prostaglandin-f(2alpha) in human urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 34:409–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebler DC, Reed DJ. (1999). Free radical defence and repair mechanisms. In: Wallace KB, ed. Free radical toxicology. New York: Publisher Press, 490–5
   Google Scholar
• Life Sciences Research Office. (2007). Scientific methods to evaluate potential reduces-risk tobacco products. Bethesda (MD): Life Sciences Research Office
   Google Scholar
• Liu C, DeGrandpré Y, Porter A, et al. (2011a). The use of a novel tobacco treatment process to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 49:1904–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Jakubowski M, Hunt JL. (2011b). Kras gene mutation in colorectal cancer is correlated with increased proliferation and spontaneous apoptosis. Am J Clin Pathol 135:245–52
   Google Scholar
• Lodovici M, Caldini S, Luceri C, et al. (2005). Active and passive smoking and lifestyle determinants of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine levels in human leukocyte DNA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2975–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loft S, Poulsen HE. (1999). Markers of oxidative damage to DNA: antioxidants and molecular damage. Methods Enzymol 300:166–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loft S, Svoboda P, Kawai K, et al. (2012). Association between 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine excretion and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study. Free Radic Biol Med 1;52:167–72
   Google Scholar
• Loft S, Vistisen K, Ewertz M, et al. (1992). Oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine excretion in humans: influence of smoking, gender and body mass index. Carcinogenesis 13:2241–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe FJ, Gregg EO, McEwan M. (2009). Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure and potential harm in smokers, former smokers and never-smokers. Clin Chem Lab Med 47:311–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykkesfeldt J. (2007a). Ascorbate and dehydroascorbic acid as reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress: analytical reproducibility and long-term stability of plasma samples subjected to acidic deproteinization. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:2513–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykkesfeldt J. (2007b). Malondialdehyde as biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking. Clin Chim Acta 380:50–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykkesfeldt J, Loft S, Nielsen JB, Poulsen HE. (1997). Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid as biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by smoking. Am J Clin Nutr 65:959–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykkesfeldt J, Viscovich M, Poulsen HE. (2003). Ascorbic acid recycling in human erythrocytes is induced by smoking in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 35:1439–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makropoulos W, Kocher K, Heintz B, et al. (2000). Urinary thymidine glycol as a biomarker for oxidative stress after kidney transplantation. Ren Fail 22:499–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marnett LJ. (2000). Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 21:361–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam KG, Gregg EO, Liu C, et al. (2011). The use of a novel tobacco-substitute sheet and smoke dilution to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 49:1684–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier BM, Shelley D. (2006). The fourth pillar of the framework convention on tobacco control: harm reduction and the international human right to health. Public Health Rep 121:494–500
   Google Scholar
• Michaud DS, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, et al. (2000). Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 72:990–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montuschi P, Collins JV, Ciabattoni G, et al. (2000). Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1175–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney LA, Madsen AM, Tang D, et al. (2005). Antioxidant vitamin supplementation reduces benzo(a)pyrene-DNA adducts and potential cancer risk in female smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:237–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow JD, Frei B, Longmire AW, et al. (1995). Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (f2-isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N Engl J Med 332:1198–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow JD, Harris TM, Roberts LJ. (1990a). Noncyclooxygenase oxidative formation of a series of novel prostaglandins: analytical ramifications for measurement of eicosanoids. Anal Biochem 184:1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow JD, Hill KE, Burk RF, et al. (1990b). A series of prostaglandin f2-like compounds are produced in vivo in humans by a non-cyclooxygenase, free radical-catalyzed mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9383–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munnia A, Bonassi S, Verna A, et al. (2006). Bronchial malondialdehyde DNA adducts, tobacco smoking, and lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 41:1499–505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguogho A, Lupattelli G, Palumbo B, Sinzinger H. (2000). Isoprostanes quickly normalize after quitting cigarette smoking in healthy adults. Vasa 29:103–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orhan H, Evelo CTA, Sahin G. (2005). Erythrocyte antioxidant defense response against cigarette smoking in humans – the glutathione s-transferase vulnerability. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:226–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozguner F, Koyu A, Cesur G. (2005). Active smoking causes oxidative stress and decreases blood melatonin levels. Toxicol Ind Health 21:21–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannuru P, Vaddi DR, Kindinti RR, Varadacharyulu N. (2011). Increased erythrocyte antioxidant status protects against smoking induced hemolysis in moderate smokers. Hum Exp Toxicol 30:1475–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilger A, Rudiger HW. (2006). 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine as a marker of oxidative DNA damage related to occupational and environmental exposures. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 80:1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinhal D, Gontijo AMdMC, Reyes VAV, Salvadori DMF. (2006). Viable human buccal mucosa cells do not yield typical nucleoids: impacts on the single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay. Environ Mol Mutagen 47:117–26
   Google Scholar
• Polidori MC, Mecocci P, Stahl W, Sies H. (2003). Cigarette smoking cessation increases plasma levels of several antioxidant micronutrients and improves resistance towards oxidative challenge. Br J Nutr 90:147–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourcelot S, Faure H, Firoozi F, et al. (1999). Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine and 5-(hydroxymethyl) uracil in smokers. Free Radic Res 30:173–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor WA, Dooley MM, Church DF. (1985). Mechanisms of cigarette smoke toxicity: the inactivation of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by nitric oxide/isoprene mixtures in air. Chem Biol Interact 54:171–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman I, van Schadewijk AA, Crowther AJ, et al. (2002). 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a specific lipid peroxidation product, is elevated in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:490–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly M, Delanty N, Lawson JA, FitzGerald GA. (1996). Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers. Circulation 94:19–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell MAH. (1976). Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking. BMJ 1:1430–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu RP, Batra S, Kandala PK, et al. (2011). The role of k-ras gene mutation in trail-induced apoptosis in pancreatic and lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 67:481–7
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar M, Kapur S, Frost-Pineda K, et al. (2008). Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure to selected cigarette smoke constituents in adult smokers switched to carbon-filtered cigarettes in short-term and long-term clinical studies. Nicotine Tob Res 10:1761–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini M, Villano D, Spera G, Pellegrini N. (2006). Redox molecules and cancer prevention: the importance of understanding the role of the antioxidant network. Nutr Cancer 56:232–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibutani S, Takeshita M, Grollman AP. (1991). Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature 349: 431–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, McKarns SC, Davis RA, et al. (1996). Human urine mutagenicity study comparing cigarettes which burn or primarily heat tobacco. Mutat Res 361:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, King JA. (2006). Perspectives on pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer risk in cigarette smokers. Inhal Toxicol 18:667–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somogyi A, Rosta K, Pusztai P, et al. (2007). Antioxidant measurements. Physiol Meas 28:41–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens JW, Khanolkar MP, Bain SC. (2009). The biological relevance and measurement of plasma markers of oxidative stress in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 202:321–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto Y, Lee A, Benzie I, Obied H. (2012). Optimized noninvasive procedures to measure DNA damage in comet assay. Hum Exp Toxicol 31:1144--50
   Google Scholar
• Tanriverdi H, Evrengul H, Kuru O, et al. (2006). Cigarette smoking induced oxidative stress may impair endothelial function and coronary blood flow in angiographically normal coronary arteries. Circ J 70:593–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thier R, Brüning T, Kocher K, et al. (1999). Determination of urinary thymidine glycol using affinity chromatography, HPLC and post-column reaction detection: a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage upon kidney transplantation. Arch Toxicol 73:479–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudek B, Swoboda M, Kowalczyk P, Olinski R. (2006). Modulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by the diet, inflammation and neoplastic transformation. J Physiol Pharmacol 57:33–49
   Google Scholar
• Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K. (2009). Tobacco smoke: involvement of reactive oxygen species and stable free radicals in mechanisms of oxidative damage, carcinogenesis and synergistic effects with other respirable particles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6:445–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, et al. (2004). Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol Cell Biochem 266:37–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zeeland AA, de Groot AJ, Hall J, Donato F. (1999). 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA from leukocytes of healthy adults: relationship with cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee consumption. Mutat Res 439:249–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasan RS. (2006). Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: molecular basis and practical considerations. Circulation 113:2335–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vineis P, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. (2005). Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations. Carcinogenesis 26:1846–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulgaridou GP, Anestopoulos I, Franco R, et al. (2011). DNA damage induced by endogenous aldehydes: current state of knowledge. Mutat Res 711:13–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace SS. (2002). Biological consequences of free radical-damaged DNA bases. Free Radic Biol Med 33:1–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. (2004). Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. Lyon: IARC Press
   Google Scholar
• Wright ME, Mayne ST, Swanson CA, et al. (2003). Dietary carotenoids, vegetables, and lung cancer risk in women: the Missouri women’s health study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14:85–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynder EL, Graham EA. (1950). Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma; a study of 684 proved cases. J Am Med Assoc 143:329–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi O, Aoshiba K, Nagai A. (2006). Activation of nuclear factor-kappab in airway epithelial cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 73:610–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka K, Mizoi M, Tachikawa M, et al. (2003). Oxidative DNA damage following exposure to dimethylarsinous iodide: the formation of cis-thymine glycol. Toxicol Lett 143:145–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao QH, Mei SR, Weng QF, et al. (2004). Determination of urinary oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and the association with cigarette smoking. Talanta 63:617–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young IS. (2001). Measurement of total antioxidant capacity. J Clin Pathol 54:339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan JM, Stram DO, Arakawa K, et al. (2003). Dietary cryptoxanthin and reduced risk of lung cancer: the Singapore Chinese health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:890–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zedler BK, Kinser R, Oey J, et al. (2006). Biomarkers of exposure and potential harm in adult smokers of 3–7 mg tar yield (federal trade commission) cigarettes and in adult non-smokers. Biomarkers 11:201–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XY, Tan YL, Zhou DF, et al. (2007). Nicotine dependence, symptoms and oxidative stress in male patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2020–4
   Google Scholar
• Zwingmann IH, Welle IJ, van Herwijnen M, et al. (1998). Oxidative DNA damage and cytogenetic effects in flight engineers exposed to cosmic radiation. Environ Mol Mutagen 32:121–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar