248
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Effects of smoking severity and moderate and severe periodontitis on serum C-reactive protein levels: an age- and gender-matched retrospective cohort study

, , , , &
Pages 306-312 | Received 16 Mar 2015, Accepted 10 Jun 2015, Published online: 31 Jul 2015

References

  • Bansal T, Pandey A, Deepa D, Asthana AK. (2014). C-reactive protein (CRP) and its association with periodontal disease: a brief review. J Clin Diagn Res 8:Ze21–4
  • Beck JD, Offenbacher S. (2005). Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 76:2089–100
  • Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G, et al. (1996). Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 67:1123–37
  • Black S, Kushner I, Samols D. (2004). C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 279:48487–90
  • Bretz WA, Weyant RJ, Corby PM, et al. (2005). Systemic inflammatory markers, periodontal diseases, and periodontal infections in an elderly population. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1532–7
  • Buhlin K, Gustafsson A, Pockley AG, et al. (2003). Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with periodontitis. Eur Heart J 24:2099–107
  • Charuruks N, Laohajinda B, Rujiwanitgun S, Chaiworaporn M. (2005). Reference value for C-reactive protein and its distribution pattern in thai adults. Circ J 69:339–44
  • Craig RG, Yip JK, So MK, et al. (2003). Relationship of destructive periodontal disease to the acute-phase response. J Periodontol 74:1007–16
  • Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. (1999). Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 100:717–22
  • D’Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreou G, et al. (2004a). Periodontitis and atherogenesis: causal association or simple coincidence? J Clin Periodontol 31:402–11
  • D’Aiuto F, Ready D, Tonetti MS. (2004b). Periodontal disease and C-reactive protein-associated cardiovascular risk. J Periodontal Res 39:236–41
  • Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. (2000). Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 321:199–204
  • Das I. (1985). Raised C-reactive protein levels in serum from smokers. Clin Chim Acta 153:9–13
  • Dye BA, Choudhary K, Shea S, Papapanou PN. (2005). Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens and markers of systemic inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 32:1189–99
  • Ebersole JL, Machen RL, Steffen MJ, Willmann DE. (1997). Systemic acute-phase reactants, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin, in adult periodontitis. Clin Exp Immunol 107:347–52
  • Fredriksson MI, Figueredo CM, Gustafsson A, et al. (1999). Effect of periodontitis and smoking on blood leukocytes and acute-phase proteins. J Periodontol 70:1355–60
  • Gabay C, Kushner I. (1999). Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Engl J Med 340:448–54
  • Gani DK, Lakshmi D, Krishnan R, Emmadi P. (2009). Evaluation of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 13:69–74
  • Gomes-Filho IS, Freitas Coelho JM, da Cruz SS, et al. (2011). Chronic periodontitis and C-reactive protein levels. J Periodontol 82:969–78
  • Graziani F, Cei S, Tonetti M, et al. (2010). Systemic inflammation following non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 37:848–54
  • Haraji A, Rakhshan V. (2014). Single-dose intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel application, easier surgeries, and younger ages are associated with reduced dry socket risk. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72:259–65
  • Helmersson J, Larsson A, Vessby B, Basu S. (2005). Active smoking and a history of smoking are associated with enhanced prostaglandin F(2alpha), interleukin-6 and F2-isoprostane formation in elderly men. Atherosclerosis 181:201–7
  • Ishibe N, Wiencke JK, Zuo ZF, et al. (1997). Susceptibility to lung cancer in light smokers associated with CYP1A1 polymorphisms in Mexican- and African-Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:1075–80
  • Iwamoto Y, Nishimura F, Soga Y, et al. (2003). Antimicrobial periodontal treatment decreases serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not adiponectin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 74:1231–6
  • Joshipura KJ, Wand HC, Merchant AT, Rimm EB. (2004). Periodontal disease and biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease. J Dent Res 83:151–5
  • Khera A, McGuire DK, Murphy SA, et al. (2005). Race and gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:464–9
  • Kluft C, de Maat MP. (2001). Determination of the habitual low blood level of C-reactive protein in individuals. Ital Heart J 2:172–80
  • Kumar S, Shah S, Budhiraja S, et al. (2013). The effect of periodontal treatment on C-reactive protein: a clinical study. J Nat Sci Biol Med 4:379–82
  • Leinonen M, Saikku P. (2002). Evidence for infectious agents in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2:11–17
  • Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. (2002). Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:1135–43
  • Loos BG, Craandijk J, Hoek FJ, et al. (2000). Elevation of systemic markers related to cardiovascular diseases in the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 71:1528–34
  • López-Carriches C, Gómez-Font R, Martínez-González JM, Donado-Rodríguez M. (2006). Influence of smoking upon the postoperative course of lower third molar surgery. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 11:E56–60
  • Lowe GD, Pepys MB. (2006). C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: weighing the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 8:421–8
  • Macy EM, Hayes TE, Tracy RP. (1997). Variability in the measurement of C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: implications for reference intervals and epidemiological applications. Clin Chem 43:52–8
  • Marnell L, Mold C, Du Clos TW. (2005). C-reactive protein: ligands, receptors and role in inflammation. Clin Immunol 117:104–11
  • Newman MG, Takei HH, Klollevold PR, Carranza FA. (2006). Classification of diseases and conditions affecting the periodontium. Clinical Periodontology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 103–4
  • Noack B, Genco RJ, Trevisan M, et al. (2001). Periodontal infections contribute to elevated systemic C-reactive protein level. J Periodontol 72:1221–7
  • O’Leary TJ, Drake RB, Naylor JE. (1972). The plaque control record. J Periodontol 43:38
  • O’Loughlin J, Lambert M, Karp I, et al. (2008). Association between cigarette smoking and C-reactive protein in a representative, population-based sample of adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res 10:525–32
  • Ockene IS, Miller NH. (1997). Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction. Circulation 96:3243–7
  • Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. (2003). Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107:499–511
  • Persson GR, Pettersson T, Ohlsson O, Renvert S. (2005). High-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein levels in subjects with or without myocardial infarction or periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 32:219–24
  • Pitiphat W, Joshipura KJ, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. (2006). Periodontitis and plasma C-reactive protein during pregnancy. J Periodontol 77:821–5
  • Pitiphat W, Savetsilp W, Wara-Aswapati N. (2008). C-reactive protein associated with periodontitis in a Thai population. J Clin Periodontol 35:120–5
  • Ridker PM. (2003). Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 107:363–9
  • Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1997). Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 336:973–9
  • Ross R. (1999). Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340:115–26
  • Saito T, Murakami M, Shimazaki Y, et al. (2003). Association between alveolar bone loss and elevated serum C-reactive protein in Japanese men. J Periodontol 74:1741–6
  • Salzberg TN, Overstreet BT, Rogers JD, et al. (2006). C-reactive protein levels in patients with aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 77:933–9
  • Slade GD, Offenbacher S, Beck JD, et al. (2000). Acute-phase inflammatory response to periodontal disease in the US population. J Dent Res 79:49–57
  • Smith SC Jr, Milani RV, Arnett DK, et al. (2004). Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group II: risk factors. Circulation 109:2613–16
  • Tonstad S, Cowan JL. (2009). C-reactive protein as a predictor of disease in smokers and former smokers: a review. Int J Clin Pract 63:1634–41
  • Tuter G, Serdar M, Kurtis B, et al. (2010). Effects of scaling and root planing and subantimicrobial dose doxycycline on gingival crevicular fluid levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8, -13 and serum levels of HsCRP in patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 81:1132–9
  • van Eeden SF, Hogg JC. (2000). The response of human bone marrow to chronic cigarette smoking. Eur Respir J 15:915–21
  • Vanderschueren S, Deeren D, Knockaert DC, et al. (2006). Extremely elevated C-reactive protein. Eur J Intern Med 17:430–3
  • Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Shaper AG, et al. (2005). Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 26:1765–73
  • Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, et al. (2007). Systemic effects of smoking. Chest 131:1557–66
  • Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. (1999). C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:972–8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.