365
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Varicella-zoster virus human ganglionic latency: a current summary

&
Pages 411-418 | Received 25 Jun 2010, Accepted 22 Jul 2010, Published online: 27 Sep 2010

References

  • Azarkh Y, Gilden D, Cohrs RJ (2010). Molecular characterization of varicella zoster virus in latently infected human ganglia: physical state and abundance of VZV DNA, quantitation of viral transcripts and detection of VZV-specific proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol: In press.
  • Breuer J, Grose C, Norberg P, Tipples G, Schmid DS (2010). A proposal for a common nomenclature for viral clades that form the species varicella-zoster virus: summary of VZV Nomenclature Meeting 2008, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 24–25 July 2008. J Gen Virol 91:821–828.
  • Carpenter JE, Henderson EP, Grose C (2009). Enumeration of an extremely high particle-to-PFU ratio for varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 83:6917–6921.
  • Chen JJ, Zhu Z, Gershon AA, Gershon MD (2004). Mannose 6-phosphate receptor dependence of varicella zoster virus infection in vitro and in the epidermis during varicella and zoster. Cell 119:915–926.
  • Clarke P, Beer T, Cohrs R, Gilden DH (1995). Configuration of latent varicella-zoster virus DNA. J Virol 69:8151–8154.
  • Cohen JI, Seidel KE (1993). Generation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and viral mutants from cosmid DNAs: VZV thymidylate synthetase is not essential for replication in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:7376–7380.
  • Cohrs RJ, Barbour M, Gilden DH (1996). Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: detection of transcripts mapping to genes 21, 29, 62, and 63 in a cDNA library enriched for VZV RNA. J Virol 70:2789–2796.
  • Cohrs RJ, Barbour MB, Mahalingam R, Wellish M, Gilden DH (1995). Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: prevalence of VZV gene 21 transcripts in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol 69:2674–2678.
  • Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH (2007). Prevalence and abundance of latently transcribed varicella-zoster virus genes in human ganglia. J Virol 81:2950–2956.
  • Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Kinchington PR, Grinfeld E, Kennedy PGE (2003a). Varicella zoster virus gene 66 transcription and translation in latently infected human ganglia. J Virol 77:6660–6665.
  • Cohrs RJ, Hurley MP, Gilden DH (2003b). Array analysis of viral gene transcription during lytic infection of cells in tissue culture with varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 77:11718–11732.
  • Cohrs RJ, Randall J, Smith J, Gilden DH, Dabrowski C, van Der KH, Tal-Singer R (2000). Analysis of individual human trigeminal ganglia for latent herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus nucleic acids using real-time PCR. J Virol 74:11464–11471.
  • Cohrs RJ, Srock K, Barbour MB, Owens G, Mahalingam M, Devlin ME, Wellish M, Gilden DH (1994). Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: construction of a cDNA library from latently infected human trigeminal ganglia and detection of a VZV transcript. J Virol 68:7900–7908.
  • Croen KD, Ostrove JM, Dragovic LJ, Straus SE (1988). Patterns of gene expression and sites of latency in human nerve ganglia are different for varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:9773–9777.
  • Gary L, Gilden DH, Cohrs RJ (2006). Epigenetic regulation of varicella-zoster virus open reading frames 62 and 63 in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 80:4921–4926.
  • Gilden DH, Beinlich BR, Rubinstien EM, Stommel E, Swenson R, Rubinstein D, Mahalingam R (1994). Varicella-zoster virus myelitis: an expanding spectrum. Neurology 44:1818–1823.
  • Gilden D, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA (2009). Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 8:731–740.
  • Grinfeld E, Kennedy PGE (2004). Translation of varicella-zoster virus genes during human ganglionic latency. Virus Genes 29:317–319.
  • Hood C, Cunningham AL, Slobedman B, Arvin AM, Sommer MH, Kinchington PR, Abendroth A (2006). Varicella-zoster virus ORF63 inhibits apoptosis of primary human neurons. J Virol 80:1025–1031.
  • Hoshino Y, Pesnicak L, Cohen JI, Straus SE (2007). Rates of reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus from mouse trigeminal ganglia ex vivo correlate directly with viral load and inversely with number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. J Virol 81:8157–8164.
  • Hoshino Y, Qin J, Follmann D, Cohen JI, Straus SE (2008). The number of herpes simplex virus-infected neurons and the number of viral genome copies per neuron correlate with the latent viral load in ganglia. Virology 372:56–63.
  • Hufner K, Derfuss T, Herberger S, Sunami K, Russell S, Sinicina I, Arbusow V, Strupp M, Brandt T, Theil D (2006). Latency of alpha-herpes viruses is accompanied by a chronic inflammation in human trigeminal ganglia but not in dorsal root ganglia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 65:1022–1030.
  • Inoue H, Motani-Saitoh H, Sakurada K, Ikegaya H, Yajima D, Hayakawa M, Sato Y, Otsuka K, Kobayashi K, Nagasawa S, Iwase H (2010). Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in 414 human trigeminal ganglia from cadavers by the polymerase chain reaction: a comparison of the detection rate of varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus type 1. J Med Virol 82:345–349.
  • Kemble GW, Annunziato P, Lungu O, Winter RE, Cha TA, Silverstein SJ, Spaete RR (2000). Open reading frame S/L of varicella-zoster virus encodes a cytoplasmic protein expressed in infected cells. J Virol 74:11311–11321.
  • Kennedy PGE (2002). Varicella-zoster virus latency in human ganglia. Rev Med Virol 12:327–334.
  • Kennedy PGE, Grinfeld E, Bell JE (2000). Varicella-zoster virus gene expression in latently infected and explanted human ganglia. J Virol 74:11893–11898.
  • Kennedy PGE, Grinfeld E, Craigon M, Vierlinger K, Roy D, Forster T, Ghazal P (2005). Transcriptomal analysis of varicella-zoster virus infection using long oligonucleotide-based microarrays. J Gen Virol 86:2673–2684.
  • Kennedy PGE, Grinfeld E, Gow JW (1998). Latent varicella-zoster virus is located predominantly in neurons in human trigeminal ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:4658–4662.
  • Kennedy PGE, Grinfeld E, Gow JW (1999). Latent varicella-zoster virus in human dorsal root ganglia. Virology 258:451–454.
  • LaGuardia JJ, Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH (1999). Prevalence of varicella-zoster virus DNA in dissociated human trigeminal ganglion neurons and nonneuronal cells. J Virol 73:8571–8577.
  • Levin MJ, Cai GY, Manchak MD, Pizer LI (2003). Varicella-zoster virus DNA in cells isolated from human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 77:6979–6987.
  • Liu ET, Pott S, Huss M (2010). Q&A: ChIP-seq technologies and the study of gene regulation. BMC Biol 8:56.
  • Lungu O, Panagiotidis CA, Annunziato PW, Gershon AA, Silverstein SJ (1998). Aberrant intracellular localization of varicella-zoster virus regulatory proteins during latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:7080–7085.
  • Mahalingam R, Wellish M, Cohrs R, Debrus S, Piette J, Rentier B, Gilden DH (1996). Expression of protein encoded by varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 63 in latently infected human ganglionic neurons. Proc Natl Acad. Sci U S A 93:2122–2124.
  • Mahalingam R, Wellish M, Lederer D, Forghani B, Cohrs R, Gilden D (1993). Quantitation of latent varicella-zoster virus DNA in human trigeminal ganglia by polymerase chain reaction. J Virol 67:2381–2384.
  • Mallory S, Sommer M, Arvin AM (1997). Mutational analysis of the role of glycoprotein I in varicella-zoster virus replication and its effects on glycoprotein E conformation and trafficking. J Virol 71:8279–8288.
  • McMillan DJ, Kay J, Mills JS (1997). Characterization of the proteinase specified by varicella-zoster virus gene 33. J Gen Virol 78:2153–2157.
  • Messaoudi I, Barron A, Wellish M, Engelmann F, Legasse A, Planer S, Gilden D, Nikolich-Zugich J, Mahalingam M (2009). Simian varicella virus infection of rhesus macaques recapitulates essential features of varicella zoster virus infection in humans. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000657.
  • Mitchell BM, Bloom DC, Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Kennedy PG (2003). Herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella-zoster virus latency in ganglia. J NeuroVirol 9:194–204.
  • Mueller NH, Gilden DH, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA (2008). Varicella zoster virus infection: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis of disease, and latency. Neurol Clin 26:675–697.
  • Muir WB, Nichols R, Breuer J (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of varicella-zoster virus: evidence of intercontinental spread of genotypes and recombination. J Virol 76:1971–1979.
  • Nagaike K, Mori Y, Gomi Y, Yoshii H, Takahashi M, Wagner M, Koszinowski U, Yamanishi K (2004). Cloning of the varicella-zoster virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli. Vaccine 22:4069–4074.
  • Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Wellish MC, Forghani B, Schiller A, Safdieh JE, Kamenkovich E, Ostrow LW, Levy M, Greenberg B, Russman AN, Katzan I, Gardner CJ, Hausler M, Nau R, Saraya T, Wada H, Goto H, de MM, Ueno M, Brown WD, Terborg C, Gilden DH (2008). The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology 70:853–860.
  • Nagel MA, Gilden D, Shade T, Gao B, Cohrs RJ (2009). Rapid and sensitive detection of 68 unique varicella zoster virus gene transcripts in five multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions. J Virol Methods 157:62–68.
  • Ou Y, Davis KA, Traina-Dorge V, Gray WL (2007). Simian varicella virus expresses a latency-associated transcript that is antisense to open reading frame 61 (ICP0) mRNA in neural ganglia of latently infected monkeys. J Virol 81:8149–8156.
  • Perng GC, Jones C, Ciacci-Zanella J, Stone M, Henderson G, Yukht A, Slanina SM, Hofman FM, Ghiasi H, Nesburn AB, Wechsler SL (2000). Virus-induced neuronal apoptosis blocked by the herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript. Science 287:1500–1503.
  • Pevenstein SR, Williams RK, McChesney D, Mont EK, Smialek JE, Straus SE (1999). Quantitation of latent varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus genomes in human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 73:10514–10518.
  • Ross J, Williams M, Cohen JI (1997). Disruption of the varicella-zoster virus dUTPase and the adjacent ORF9A gene results in impaired growth and reduced syncytia formation in vitro. Virology 234:186–195.
  • Sawtell NM (1998). The probability of in vivo reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 increases with the number of latently infected neurons in the ganglia. J Virol 72:6888–6892.
  • Sawtell NM, Poon DK, Tansky CS, Thompson RL (1998). The latent herpes simplex virus type 1 genome copy number in individual neurons is virus strain specific and correlates with reactivation. J Virol 72:5343–5350.
  • Steiner I, Kennedy PGE, Pachner A (2007). The neurotropic herpesviruses. Lancet Neurol 6:1015–1028.
  • Theil D, Derfuss T, Paripovic I, Herberger S, Meinl E, Schueler O, Strupp M, Arbusow V, Brandt T (2003a). Latent herpesvirus infection in human trigeminal ganglia causes chronic immune response. Am J Pathol 163:2179–2184.
  • Theil D, Paripovic I, Derfuss T, Herberger S, Strupp M, Arbusow V, Brandt T (2003b). Dually infected (HSV-1/VZV) single neurons in human trigeminal ganglia. Ann Neurol 54:678–682.
  • Tyler SD, Peters GA, Grose C, Severini A, Gray MJ, Upton C, Tipples GA (2007). Genomic cartography of varicella-zoster virus: a complete genome-based analysis of strain variability with implications for attenuation and phenotypic differences. Virology 359:447–458.
  • Umbach JL, Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Gilden DH, Cullen BR (2009). Analysis of human alphaherpesvirus microRNA expression in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. J Virol 83:10677–10683.
  • Wang K, Lau TY, Morales M, Mont EK, Straus SE (2005). Laser-capture microdissection: refining estimates of the quantity and distribution of latent herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella-zoster virus DNA in human trigeminal Ganglia at the single-cell level. J Virol 79:14079–14087.
  • Wareham DW, Breuer J (2007). Herpes zoster. BMJ 334: 1211–1215.
  • Wussow F, Fickenscher H, Tischer BK (2009). Red-mediated transposition and final release of the mini-F vector of a cloned infectious herpesvirus genome. PLoS One 4:e8178.
  • Yoshii H, Somboonthum P, Takahashi M, Yamanishi K, Mori Y (2007). Cloning of full length genome of varicella-zoster virus vaccine strain into a bacterial artificial chromosome and reconstitution of infectious virus. Vaccine 25:5006–5012.
  • Zerboni L, Sobel RA, Ramachandran V, Rajamani J, Ruyechan W, Abendroth A, Arvin A (2010). Expression of varicella-zoster virus immediate-early regulatory protein IE63 in neurons of latently infected human sensory ganglia. J Virol 84:3421–3430.
  • Zhang Z, Huang Y, Zhu H (2008). A highly efficient protocol of generating and analyzing VZV ORF deletion mutants based on a newly developed luciferase VZV BAC system. J Virol Methods 148:197–204.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.