16
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The Adverse Effects of Alcohol on Reproduction

Pages 379-391 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

References

  • Judges 1976; 13: 7
  • Beattie J. Fetal alcohol syndrome–the incurable hangover. Health Visitor 1981; 54: 468–9
  • Library, The Royal College of Physicians 1725; 96
  • Report from the Select Committee on 'Inquiry into Drunkenness'. House of Commons Library. August, 1834, 1834
  • Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru J-P. Les enfants de parents alcooliques: anomalies obsevees a propos de 127 cas. Quest Med 1968; 25: 476–82
  • Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet 1973; 1: 1267–71
  • Ferrier PE, Nicod I, Ferrier S. Fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet 1973; 2: 1496
  • Jones KL, Smith DW, Streissguth AP. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome in offspring of chronically alcoholic women. Pediatr Res 1974; 8: 440–66
  • Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet 1973; 1: 1267–71
  • Jones KL, Smith DW. The fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology 1975; 12: 1
  • Tenbrinck MS, Buchin SY. Fetal alcohol syndrome: of a case. JAMA 1975; 232: 1144
  • Jones KL, Smith DW, Hanson JW. The fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical delineation. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 273: 130
  • Mulvihill JJ, Yeager AM. Fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology 1976; 13: 345
  • Mulvihill JJ, Klimas JT, Stokes DC. Fetal alcohol syndrome: seven new cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125: 937
  • Ouellette EM, Rosett HL. A pilot prospective study of the fetal alcohol syndrome at the Boston City Hospital: Part II, The infants. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 273: 123–9
  • Smith DW, Jones KL, Hanson JW. Perspectives on the cause and frequency of fetal alcohol syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 173: 138
  • Martin JM. The fetal alcohol syndrome: recent findings. Alcohol Health Res World 1977; 1: 8
  • Streissguth AP. Fetal alcohol syndrome: an epidemiological perspective. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 107: 467–78
  • Schenker S, Becker HC, Randall CL. Fetal alcohol syndrome; current status and pathogenesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 635–47
  • Alcohol and the Unborn Child–The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The National Council of Women Working Party on Alcohol Problems, London 1980
  • Burack JA, Hodapp RM, Ziegler E. Issues in the classification of mental retardation: differentiating among organic etiologies. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 1988; 29: 765–79
  • Streissguth AP. Fetal alcohol syndrome: early and long-term consequences. Problems with Drug Dependence: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Scientific Meeting, L Harris. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 1991
  • Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet 1973; 2: 999–1001
  • Hanson JW, Jones KL, Smith DW. Fetal alcohol syndrome: experience widi 41 patients. JAMA 1976; 235: 1485–60
  • Noonan JA. Congenital heart disease in fetal alcohol syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37: 160
  • Sandor GCS, Smith DF, MacLeod PM. Cardiac malformations in the fetal alcohol syndrome. J Pediatr 1981; 98: 771–3
  • Pieroq S, Chandauasu O, Wexler I. Withdrawal symptoms in infants with the fetal alcohol syndrome. J Pediatr 1977; 90: 630
  • Streissguth AP. Psychologic handicaps in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 273: 140
  • Streissguth AP, Herman CS, Smith DW. Intelligence, behavior and dysmorphogenesis in fetal alcohol syndrome: a on 20 patients. J Pediatr 1978; 92: 363–7
  • Streissguth AP, Herman CS, Smith DW. Stability of intelligence in fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1978; 2: 165–70
  • Noble EF. Statement before the Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotics of the United States Senate. Washington: USA Government Printing Office, 1976. Drug Survival News 1977; 6: 3
  • Abel EL, Sokol RJ. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalities. Drug Alcohol Depend 1987; 19: 51–70
  • Clarren SK, Smith DW. The fetal alcohol syndrome. New Engl J Med 1978; 298: 1063–7
  • Forbes R. Alcohol-related birth defects. Public Health, London 1984; 98: 238–41
  • Streissguth AP, Aase JM, Clarren SK. Natural history of the fetal alcohol syndrome: a ten-year follow up of 11 patients. Lancet 1985; 2: 85–92
  • Streissguth AP. The behavioral teratolgy of alcohol; performance, behavioral, and intellectual deficits in prenatally exposed children. Alcohol and Brain Development, JR. West. Oxford University Press, New York 1986; 3–44
  • Spohr HL, Steinhausen HC. Follow-up studies of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropediatrics 1987; 18: 13–17
  • Streissguth AP, LaDue RA. Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects: teratogenic causes of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Toxic Substances and Mental Retardation, SR. Schroeder. American Association on Mental Deficiency, Washington, DC 1987; 1–32
  • Streissguth AP, Sampson PS, Barr HM. Neurobehavioral dose-response effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in humans from infancy to adulthood. NY Acad Sci 1989; 502: 145–8
  • Gray JK, Streissguth AP. Memory deficits and life adjustment in adults with fetal alcohol syndrome: a case-control study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 294
  • Streissguth AP, Aase JM, Sterling MD. Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. JAMA 1991; 265: 1961–7
  • Woollam DHM. Alcohol and the safety of the unborn child. RSH 1981; 6: 241–4
  • Chernoff GF. The fetal alcohol syndrome in mice: maternal variables. Teratology 1980; 22: 71–5
  • Tittmar H-G. Some effects of alcohol in reproduction. Br J Alcohol Alcoholism 1978; 13: 3
  • Smith DW. Mothering your Unborn Baby. W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia 1979
  • West JR. Alcohol and Brain Development. Oxford University Press, New York 1986
  • Vorhees CV, Mollnow E. Behavioral teratogenesis; long term influences on behavior from early exposure to environmental agents. Handbook on Infant Development, 2nd edn, JD. Osofsky. Wiley, New York 1987; 913–71
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal alcohol; Part I, research strategy. (Review of the literature.). Neurotoxicol Teratol 1989; 11: 461–76
  • Clarren SK, Alvord EC, Sumi SM. Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol. J Pediatr 1978; 92: 64
  • Streissguth AP. Prenatal alcohol-induced brain damage and long term postnatal consequences. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 648–9
  • Barnes DE, Walker DW. Prenatal ethanol exposure permanently reduces the number of pyramidal neurons in right hippocampus. Dev Brain Res 1981; 1: 333–40
  • West JR, Goodlett CR, Bonthius DJ. Manipulating peak blood alcohol concentrations in neonatal rats: review of an animal model for alcohol-related developmental effects. Neurotoxicology 1989; 10: 347–66
  • Riley EP, Barron S, Hannigan JP. Response inhibition deficits following prenatal alcohol exposure: a comparison to the effects of hippocampal lesion in rats. Alcohol and brain development, JR. West. Oxford University Press, London 1986; 71–105
  • Kelly SJ, Black AC, West JR. Changes in the muscarinicxholinergic receptors in the hippocampus of rats exposed to ethyl alcohol during the brain growth spurt. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 249: 798–804
  • Havlicek V, Childiaeva R, Chernick V. EEC frequency spectrum characteristics of sleep states in infants of alcoholic mothers. Neuropadiatrie 1977; 8: 360–73
  • Chernick V, Childiaeva R, Ioffe S. Maternal alcohol intake and smoking on neonatal electroencephalogram and anthropometric measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 146: 41–7
  • Ioffe S, Childiaeva R, Chernick V. Prolonged effects of maternal alcohol ingestion on the neonatal electroence phalogram. Pediatrics 1984; 74: 330–5
  • Olegard R, Sabel KG, Aronson M. Effects on the child of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1979; 275: 112–21
  • Pettigrew AG, Hutchinson I. Effects of alcohol on functional development of the auditory pathway in the brainstem of infants and chick embryos. Mechanism of Alcohol Damage in utero, M O'Connor, J Whelan. Pitman Publishing, London 1984; 26–46
  • Blanchard BA, Riley EP, Hannigan JH. Deficits on a spatial navigation task following prenatal exposure to ethanol. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1987; 9: 253–8
  • Goodlett CR, Kelly SJ, West JR. Early postnatal alcohol exposure that produces high blood alcohol levels impairs development of spatial navigation learning. Psychobiology 1987; 15: 64–74
  • Clarren SK. Neuropathology in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcohol and Brain Development, JR. West. Oxford University Press, New York 1986; 158–66
  • Wynn M, Wynn A. The Case of Preconception Care of Men and Women. AB Academic Publishers, Bicester 1991
  • Barnes B, Bradley SG. Planning for a Health Baby. Ebury Press. 1990; 98
  • Kaufman M. Alcohol threat to babies. The Sunday Times. 1988
  • van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Lester R. Alcohol induced testicular atrophy: an experimental model for hypogonadism occurring in chronic alcoholic man. Gastroentrology 1975; 69: 326–32
  • Bennet HS, Baggenstgors AH, Butt HR. The testes, breast and prostate in men who die of cirrhosis of liver. Am J Clin Pathol 1950; 20: 814–28
  • Lipsett MR. Physiology and pathology of the Leydic cell. New Engl J Med 1980; 85: 682–8
  • Ylikari R, Huttunen M, Harkonen M. Hangover and testosterone. BMJ 1974; 2: 445
  • Mendelson JM, Ellingboe J, Mello NK. Effects of alcohol on plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1978; 2: 255–8
  • Kucheria K, Saxena R, Mohan D. Semen analysis in alcohol dependence syndrome. Andrologia 1985; 17: 558–63
  • Dixit VP, Agarwal M, Lohiya NK. Effects of a single ethanol injection into vas deferens on the testicular function in rats. Endokrinologie 1983; 67: 8–13
  • Wichman L. The value of semen analysis in predicting pregnancy. Acta Universitatis Tamperensis. 1992; 346, Ser A
  • Tuormaa TE. Adverse effects of zinc deficiency: a review from the literature. J Orthomol Med 1995; 10: 149–64
  • Ward N. Preconceptional care and pregnancy outcome. (Letters to the Editor.). J Nutr Environ Med 1995; 5: 205–8
  • Bradley SG, Bennett N. Preparation for Pregnancy: An Essential Guide–Compiled with Foresight (The Association for the Promotion of Preconceptual Care). Argyll Publishing. 1995; 91
  • Masters WH, Johnson VE. Human Sexual Inadequacy. Little, Brown and Company, Boston 1970
  • Streissguth AP, Martin DC, Martin JC. The Seattle longitudinal prospective study on alcohol and pregnancy. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1981; 3: 223–33
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD. Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure; effects on child IQ and learning problems at age 7 1/2 years. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1990; 14: 662–9
  • Little RE. Moderate alcohol use during pregnancy and decreased infant birth weight. Am J Public Health 1977; 67: 1154–6
  • Oullette EM, Rosett HL, Rosman NP. Adverse effects on offspring of maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 528–30
  • Hanson JW, Streissguth AP, Smith DW. The effects of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy on fetal growth and morphogenesis. J Pediatr 1978; 92: 457–60
  • Wright JT, Waterson EJ, Barrison IG. Alcohol consumption, pregnancy and low birth weight. Lancet 1983; 1: 663–6
  • Coles CD, Smith MPH, Fernhoff PM. Neonatal ethanol withdrawal: characteristics in clinically normal, nondysmorphic neonates. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 445–51
  • Martin JC, Martin DC, Lund CA. Maternal alcohol ingestion and cigarette smoking and their effects on newborn conditioning. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1977; 1: 234–47
  • Landesman-Dwyer S, Keller L, Streissguth AP. Naturalistic observations of newborns; effects of maternal alcohol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1978; 2: 171–7
  • Rosett HL, Snyder P, Sander LW. Effects of maternal drinking on neonatal state regulation. Dev Med Child Neurol 1979; 21: 464–73
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Martin DC. Maternal alcohol use and neonatal habituation assessed with the Brazelton Scale. Child Dev 1983; 54: 1109–18
  • Stock DL, Streissguth AP, Martin DC. Neonatal sucking as an outcome variable: comparison of quantitive and clinical assessments. Early Human Dev 1985; 10: 273–8
  • Sander LW, Snyder P, Rosett HL. Effects of alcohol intake during pregnancy on newborn state regulation; a progressreport. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1977; 1: 233–41
  • Rosett HL, Snyder P, Sander LW. Effects of maternal drinking on neonate state regulation. Dev Med Child Neurol 1979; 21: 464–73
  • Landesman-Dwyer S, Sackett GP, Meltzoff A. Prenatal nicotine and alcohol exposure and sleep-wake patterns in infants. Paper presented at Society for Research in Child Development. Detroit, MI 1983
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Martin DC. Effects of maternal alcohol, nicotine and caffeine use during pregnancy on infant mental and motor development at 8 months. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1980; 4: 152–64
  • Gusella JL, Fried PA. Effects of maternal social drinking and smoking on offspring at 13 months. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1984; 6: 13–17
  • O'Connor MJ, Brill NJ, Sigman M. Alcohol use in primiparous women older than 30 years of age; relation to infant development. Pediatrics 1986; 78: 444–50
  • Landesman-Dwyer S, Ragozin AS, Little RE. Behavioral correlates of prenatal alcohol exposure; a four-year follow-up study. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1981; 3: 187–93
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Martin DC. Alcohol exposure in utero and functional deficits in children during the first four years of life. Mechanism of Alcohol Damage in utero, R Porter, M O'Connor, J Whelan. Pitman Publishing, London 1984
  • Streissguth AP, Martin DC, Barr HM. Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure; attention and reaction in 4-year-old children. Dev Psychol 1984; 20: 533–41
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD. IQ at age four in relation to maternal alcohol use and smoking during pregnancy. Dev Psychol 1989; 25: 3–11
  • Barr HM, Streissguth AP, Darby BL. Prenatal exposure to alcohol, caffeine, tobacco and aspirin; effects on fine and gross motor performance in 4-year-old children. Dev Psychol 1990; 26: 339–48
  • Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD. Attention, distraction and reaction time at age 7 years and prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 1986; 8: 717–25
  • Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Barr HM. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal alcohol; Part II, partial least squares analysis. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1987; 11: 477–91
  • Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL, Sampson PD. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal alcohol; Part III, PLS analyses of neuropsychologic tests. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1989; 11: 493–507
  • Russell M, Czarnecki DM, Cowan R. Measures of maternal alcohol use as predictors of development in early childhood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15: 992–1000
  • Coles CD, Brown RT, Smith IE. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development. Neurotoxical Teratol 1991; 13: 357–67
  • Brown RT, Coles CD, Smith IE. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age: II. Attention and behavior. Neurotoxical Teratol 1991; 13: 369–76
  • Goodlett CR, Kelly SJ, West JR. Early postnatal alcohol exposure that produces high blood alcohol levels impairs development of spatial navigation learning. Psychobiology 1987; 11: 64–7
  • Papara-Nicholson D, Telford IR. Effects of alcohol in reproduction and fetal development in guinea pig. Anat Res 1957; 127: 438–9
  • Sandor S, Elias S. The influence of acetyl-alcohol on the development of the chick embryo. Rev Roum Embryol Cytol (Ser Embryol) 1968; 5: 51–76
  • Chernoff G. A mouse model of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology 1975; 11: 14A
  • Tze WJ, Lee M. Adverse effects of maternal alcohol consumption on pregnancy and foetal growth in rats. Nature 1975; 257: 479–80
  • Branchey L, Friedhoff AJ. Biochemical and behavioral changes in rats exposed to alcohol in utero. Ann Ny Acad Sci 1976; 273: 328–30
  • Ellis FW, Pick JR. Beagle model of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Pharmalogist 1976; 18: 190
  • Kronick JB. Teratogenic effects of ethyl alcohol administered to pregnant mice. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 124: 676–80
  • Chernoff GF. The fetal alcohol syndrome in mice: an animal model. Teratology 1977; 15: 223
  • Randall CM, Taylor WJ, Walker DW. Ethanol-induced malformations in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1977; 1: 219–23
  • Riley EP, Vorhees CV. Handbook of Behavioral Teratology. Plenum Press, New York 1986
  • Weinberg J. Effects of ethanol and maternal nutrition status on fetal development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1985; 9: 49–55
  • Vallee BL, Wacker WE, Bartholonay AF. Zinc metabolism in hepatic dysfunction; serum zinc concentrations in Laenne's cirrhosis and their validation by sequenial analysis. New Engl J Med 1956; 135: 403–8
  • Sullivan JF, Lankford HG. Urinary excretion of zinc in alcoholic and post-alcoholic cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1962; 10: 153–7
  • Helwig HI, Hoffer EM, Thulen WC. Urinary excretion of zinc in chronic alcoholism. Am J Clin Pathol 1966; 45: 156–9
  • Flynn A, Miller SI, Marther SS. Zinc status of pregnant alcoholic women: a determination of fetal outcome. Lancet 1981; i: 572–5
  • Jameson S. Effects of zinc deficiency in human reproduction. Acta Med Scand 1976; 593: 1–89, suppl
  • Davies S. Zinc, nutrition and health. Yearbook of Nutritional Medicine, J. Bland. Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT 1985; 113–52, 1984
  • Ward NI, Watson R, Bryce-Smith D. Placental element levels in relation to fetal development for obstretrically 'normal' births: a study of 37 elements. Evidence for effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on fetal growth, and smoking as a source of cadmium. Int J Biosocial Res 1987; 9: 63–81
  • Laurence KM, James N, Miller MH. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of folate treatment before conception to prevent recurrence of neural-tube defects. BMJ 1981; 282: 1509–11
  • Tuormaa TE. The adverse effects of tobacco smoking on reproduction and health: a review from the literature. Nutr Health 1995; 10: 105–20
  • Tuormaa TE. Adverse effects of food additives on health: with a special emphasis on childhoodhyperactivity. J Orthomol Med 1994; 9: 226–43
  • Tuormaa TE. Adverse effects of agrochemicals on reproduction and health: a brief review from the literature. J Nutr Environ Med 1995; 5: 353–66
  • Tuormaa TE. The adverse effects of lead. J Nutr Med 1994; 4: 449–61
  • Spohr H-L, Willms J, Steinhausen H-C. Prenatal alcohol exposure and long-term developmental consequences. Lancet 1993; 341: 908–10
  • Majewski F, Bierich JR, Loser H. Zur Klinik und Pathogenese der Alkoholemybryopathie uber 68 Falle. Munch Med Wochensch 1976; 118: 1635–42
  • Dehaene P, Samaille-Villette P, Crepin G. Le syndrome d'alcoolisme fetal dans le nord de la France. Rev L'alcoolisme 1977; 23: 145–58
  • Abel EL. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effects. Plenum Press, New York 1983

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.