Vaginal health in contraceptive vaginal ring users – A review

REFERENCES

• Dzuik P, Cook B. Passage of steroids through silicone rubber. Endocrinology 1966;78:208–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballagh SA, Mishell DR Jr, Lacarra M, et al. A contraceptive vaginal releasing norethindrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. Contraception 1994;50:517–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shastri PV. Toxicology of polymers for implant contraceptives for women. Contraception 2002;65:9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieder DR, Pattimakiel L. Examining the efficacy, safety, and patient acceptability of the combined contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing®). Int J Womens Health 2010;2:401–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansour D, Inki P, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Efficacy of contraceptive methods: A review of the literature. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2010; Suppl. 2:S19–31.
   Google Scholar
• Lete I, Doval JL, Pérez-Campos E, et al. Factors affecting women's selection of a combined hormonal contraceptive method: The TEAM-06 Spanish cross-sectional study. Contraception 2007;76:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roumen FJME. The contraceptive vaginal ring compared with the combined oral contraceptive pill: A comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials. Contraception 2007;75:420–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheux-Lacroix S, Leboeuf M, Dufresne A, Dodin S. Adolescent's willingness to use the contraceptive vaginal ring. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2011;33:353–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 2009;6(7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed100097 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed100097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy S, Wilkins J, Mishell DR Jr. The effect of a contraceptive vaginal ring and oral contraceptives on the vaginal flora. Contraception 1981;24:481–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwan A, Ahren T, Victor A. Effects of contraceptive vaginal ring treatment on vaginal bacteriology and cytology. Contraception 1983;28:341–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieben TOM, Roumen FJ, Apter D. Efficacy, cycle control, and user acceptability of a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:585–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller L, MacFarlane SA, Materi HL. A scanning electron microscopic study of the contraceptive vaginal ring. Contraception 2005;71:65–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho DP, Consolaro MEL, Patussi EV, et al. Vaginal yeast adherence to the combined contraceptive vaginal ring (CCVR). Contraception 2007;76:439–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassot F, Camacho DP, Patussi EV, et al. Can Lactobacillus acidophilus influence the adhesion capacity of Candida albicans on the combined contraceptive vaginal ring?Contraception 2010;81:331–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veres S, Miller L, Burington B. A comparison between the vaginal ring and oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:555–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddsson K, Leifels-Fischer B, de Melo NR, et al. Efficacy and safety of a contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing®) compared with a combined oral contraceptive: A 1-year randomized trial. Contraception 2005;71:176–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merki-Feld GS, Hund M. Clinical experience with the contraceptive vaginal ring in Switzerland, including a subgroup analysis of previous hormonal contraceptive use. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2010;15:413–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine PM, Tryggestad J, Meyers NJ, Sangi-Haghpeykar H. Safety and acceptability with the use of a contraceptive vaginal ring after surgical or medical abortion. Contraception 2007;75:367–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer D, Raine T, Darney P. An open-label noncomparative study to evaluate the vagina and cervix of NuvaRing® usersFertil Steril 2002;76 (Suppl. 1):S25.
   Google Scholar
• Roumen FJME, Boon ME, van Velzen D, et al. The cervico-vaginal epithelium during 20 cycles’ use of a combined contraceptive vaginal ring. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2443–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bounds W, Szarewski A, Lowe D, Guillebaud J. Preliminary report of unexpected local reactions to a progestogen-releasing contraceptive vaginal ring. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993;48:123–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser IS, Lacarra M, Mishell DR, et al. Vaginal epithelial surface appearances in women using vaginal rings for contraception. Contraception 2000;61:131–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roumen FJME, Apter D, Mulders TMT, Dieben TOM. Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol. Hum Reprod 2001;16:469–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lete I, Sánchez R, Haya J. Estudio de eficacia y tolerabilidad del anillo vaginal NuvaRing® en anticoncepción (Etn@). [A study of the efficacy and tolerance of the NuvaRing® vaginal ring used for contraception.]Progr Obstet Ginecol 2006;49:695–700. [In Spanish]
   Google Scholar
• Novák A, de la Loge C, Abetz L, van der Meulen EA. The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing®: An international study of user acceptability. Contraception 2003;67:187–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayaletchumi T, Siraj HH, Azmi MT, Jamil MA. Acceptability of contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing®) amongst nurses in a Malaysian teaching hospital. BJOG 2012;119:147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer. Cervical cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data for 16,753 women with cervical cancer and 35,509 women without cervical cancer from 24 epidemiological studies. Lancet 2007;370:1609–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1896–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven CHJ, van den Heuvel MW, Mulders TMT, Dieben TOM. The contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing®, and antimycotic co-medication. Contraception 2004;69: 129–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haring T, Mulders TMT. The combined contraceptive ring NuvaRing® and spermicide co-medication. Contraception 2003;67:271–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven CHJ, Dieben TOM. The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, NuvaRing®, and tampon co-usage. Contraception 2004;69:197–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrendt HJ, Nisand I, Bastianelli C, et al. Efficacy, acceptability and tolerability of the combined contraceptive ring, NuvaRing®, compared with an oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg of drospirenone. Contraception 2006;74:451–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatini R, Cagiano R. Comparison profiles of cycle control, side effects and sexual satisfaction of three hormonal contraceptives. Contraception 2006;74:220–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnadottir R, Tuppurainen M, Killick S. Comparison of cycle control with a combined contraceptive vaginal ring and oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:389–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Laarhoven JAH, Kruft MAB, Vromans H. In vitro release properties of etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol from a contraceptive vaginal ring. Int J Pharm 2002;232;163–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Gallo MF, Schulz KF. Skin patch and vaginal ring versus combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 3:CD003552. https://doi.org/10.10002/14651858.CD003552.pub3 doi:10.10002/14651858.CD003552.pub3
   Google Scholar
• Valore EV, Park CH, Igreti SL, Ganz T. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 78:167–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sobel J, Chaim W. Vaginal microbiology of women with acute recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2497–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead PB. Epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:446–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoubnikova M, Hellberg D, Nilsson S, et al. Contraceptive use in women with bacterial vaginosis. Contraception 1997; 55:355–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin SB, Smith MR, Brotman RM, et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD. Contraception 2009;80: 63–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs M, Klebanoff M, Nansel T, et al. Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:954–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Seta F, Restaino S, De Santo D, et al. Effects of hormonal contraception on vaginal flora. Contraception 2012;86:526–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill E, Reeves MF, Creinin MD. Baseline colposcopic findings in women entering studies on female vaginal products. Contraception 2008;78:162–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock JA, Thompson JD. TeLinde's operative gynecology, 8th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lipincott-Raven 1977: 501–28.
   Google Scholar
• Lete I, Dueñas JL, Esplugues JV, Martí-Cabrera M. Is the vagina an adequate route for the administration of hormonal contraceptives?Current Drug Metabol 2010;11: 839–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branhart KT, Timbers K, Pretorius ES, et al. In vivo assessment of NuvaRing® placement. Contraception 2005;72:196–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roumen FJME; Dieben TOM. Clinical acceptability of an ethylene-vinyl-acetate nonmedicated vaginal ring. Contraception 1999;59:59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronco G, van Ballegooijen M, Becker N, et al. Prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance from cervical pap smears in Beijing. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2011;32:411–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris TG, Miller L, Kulasingam SL, et al. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate and combined oral contraceptive use and cervical neoplasia among women with oncogenic human papillomavirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:489:e1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frega A, Scardamaglia P, Piazze J, et al. Oral contraceptives and recurrence of human papillomavirus lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia following treatment. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008;100:175–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar