In Iranian female and male adolescents, romantic love is related to hypomania and low depressive symptoms, but also to higher state anxiety

References

• Aron A, Fisher H, Mashek DJ, Strong G, Li H, Brown LL. Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. J Neurophysiology 2005;94:327–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels A, Zeki S. The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport 2000;11:3829–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher E. Lust, attraction, and attachment in mammalian reproduction. Hum Nature 1998;9:23–52.
   Google Scholar
• Jankoviak WR, Fischer EF. A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethology 1992;31:149–55.
   Google Scholar
• Marazziti D, Canale D. Hormonal changes when falling in love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004;29:931–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loving TJ, Crockett EE, Paxson AA. Passionate love and relationship thinkers: Experimental evidence for acute cortisol elevations in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34:939–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younger J, Aron A, Parke S, Chatterjee N, Mackey S. Viewing pictures of a romantic partner reduces experimental pain: Involvement of neural reward systems. PLoS One 2010;5:e13309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoessel C, Stiller J, Bleich S, Boensch D, Doerfler A, Garcia M, et al. Differences and similarities on neuronal activities of people being happily and unhappily in love – an fMRI-study. Neuropsychobiology 2011;64:52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins WA, Welsh DP, Furman W. Adolescent romantic relationships. Annu Rev Psychol 2009;60:631–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman J, Coan J, Carrere S, Swanson C. Predicting martial happiness and stability from newly wed interactions. J Marriage Family 1998;60:5–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiffge-Krenke I, Lang J. Forming and maintaining romantic relations from early adolescence to young adulthood: Evidence of a developmental sequence. Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research into Adolescenve, New Orleans, LA, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Laursen B, Williams VA. Perceptions of interdependence and closeness in family and peer relationships among adolescents with and without romantic partners. In: Shulman S, Collins WA, editors. Romantic relationships in adolescence: developmental perspectives. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco CA;1997. p. 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Richards MH, Crowe PA, Larson R, Swarr A. Developmental patterns and gender differences in the experience of peer companionship during adolescence. Child Dev 1998;69:154–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver K, Joyner K, Udry JR. National estimates of adolescent romantic relationships in adolescent romantic relations and sexual behaviour. In: Florsheim P, editor. Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah NJ; 2003. p. 23–56.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery MJ, Sorell GT. Love and dating experience in early and middle adolescence: Grade and gender comparisons. J Adolesc 1998;21:677–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand S, Luethi M, von Planta A, Hatzinger M, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Romantic love, hypomania, and sleep pattern in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce MJ, Boergers J, Prinstein MJ. Adolescent obesity, overt and relational peer victimization, and romantic relationships. Obesity Res 2002;10:386–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Siebenbruner J, Collins WA. Diverse aspects of dating: Associations with psychosocial functioning from early to middle adolescence. J Adolesc 2001;24:313–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florsheim P. Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behaviour: Theories, research, and practical implications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah NJ; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger J. Identity development. Adolescence trough adulthood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kuttler AF, La Greca AM. Linkages among adolescent girls’ romantic relationships, best friendships, and peer networks. J Adolesc 2004;27:395–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg RJ. A triangular theory of love. Psychol Rev 1986;9:119–35.
   Google Scholar
• Manning WD, Giordano PC, Longmore MA. Hooking up: The relationship contexts of “nonrelationship” sex. J Adolesc Res 2006;21:459–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly JA, McIsaac C. Adolescent romantic relationships: Beginnings, endings, and psychosocial challenges. Newslett Int Soc Study Behav Dev 2008;32:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bodmer N. Das “erste Mal” [The “first time”]. In: Dieffenbacher C, editor. Uni Nova: Jugend. Wissenschaftsmagazin der Universität Basel. Oeffentlichkeitsarbeit der Universität Basel; 2009. p. 15–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bajoghli H, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. Cultural and gender-related differences of concepts of love between Iranian and Swiss adults based on Hafez’ poetry of love. Interpersona 2009;3:177–89.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadi MR, Mohammad K, Farahani F, Alikhani S, Zare M, Tehrani FR, et al. Reproductive knowledge: Attitudes and behavior among adolescent males in Tehran, Iran. Int J Fam Plann Perspect 2006;32:35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bajoghli H, Joshaghani N, Mohammadi MR, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. In female adolescents, romantic love is related to hypomanic-like stages and increased physical activity, but not to sleep or depressive symptoms. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2011;15:164–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand S, Gerber M, Pühse U, Holsboer-Trachsler . ‘Bright side’ and ‘dark side’ hypomania are associated with differences in psychological functioning, sleep and physical activity in a non-clinical sample of young adults. J Affect Disord 2011;131:68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hantouche E, Angst J, Akiskal HS. Factor structure of hypomania: interrelationships with cyclothymia and the soft bipolar spectrum. J Affect Disord 2003;73:39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer TD, Hammelstein P, Nilsson LG, Skeppar P, Adolfsson R, Angst J. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32); its factorial structure and association to indices of impairment in German and Swedish nonclinical samples. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghighi M, Bajoghli H, Angst J, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. The Farsi version of the Hypomania Check-List 32 (HCL-32): Applicability and indication of a four-factorial solution. BMC Psychiatry 2011;11:14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davila J, Stroud CB, Starr LR, Miller MR, Yoneda A, Hershenberg R. Romantic and sexual activities, parent- adolescent stress, and depressive symptoms among early adolescent girls. J Adolesc 2009;32:909–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson RW, Clore GL, Wood GA. The emotions of romantic relationships: Do they wreck havoc on adolescents? In: Furman W, Brown BB, Feiring C, editors. The development of romantic relationships in adolescence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1999. p. 19–49.
   Google Scholar
• Joyner K, Udry JR. You don't bring me anything but down: adolescent romance and depression. J Health Soc Behav 2000;41:369–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, DuPont RL, Berglund P, Wittchen HU. Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1915–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:593–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoevers RA, Deeg DJ, van Tilburg W, Beekman AT. Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: co-occurrence and longitudinal patterns in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13:31–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand S, Angst J, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Is the increase of hypomanic stages during adolescence gender-and developmental task-related? World J Biol Psychiatry 2010;11:231–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angst J, Adolfsson R, Benazzi F, Gamma A, Hantouche E, Meyer TD, et al. The HCL-32: a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. J Affect Disord 2005; 88:217–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Zerssen D. Depressivitäts-Skala [Depression Scale]. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Laux L, Glanzmann P, Schaffner P. State-Trait-Angstinventar [German version of Spielberger, et al.'s State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory]. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Backhaus J, Riemann D. Schlafstörungen bewältigen [Coping with sleep disorders]. Weinheim: Beltz Psychologie Verlags Union; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Brand S, Gerber M, Hatzinger M, Beck J, Pühse U, Holsboer-Trachsler E. High exercise levels are related to favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescents: A comparison of athletes and controls. J Adolesc Health 2010;46:133–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen J. The earth is round (p <.05). Am Psychol 1994;49:997–1003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Gramotnev H. Life transitions and mental health in a national cohort of young Australian women. Dev Psychol 2007;43:877–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson L, Shahar G, Lawless MS, Sells D, Tondora J. Play, pleasure, and other positive life events: “non-specific” factors in recovery from illness? Psychiatry Interpers Biol Processes 2006;69:151–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin RW. The wording and translation of research instrument. In: Lonner WJ, Berry JW, editors. Field methods in cross-cultural research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage;1986. p. 137–164.
   Google Scholar
• Schachter S, Singer JE. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev 1962;69:379–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem D. Self-perception theory. In: Berkowitz L, editor. Advances in experimental social psychology Vol 6. New York, NY: Academic Press;1972.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson JG, Hatfield E. Psychology of emotion. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich;1992.
   Google Scholar
• Liebowitz MR. The chemistry of love. Boston, MA: Little & Brown; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Marazziti D, Akiskal HS, Rossi A, Cassano GB. Alteration of the platelet serotonin transporter in romantic love. Psychol Med 1999;29:741–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Press Inc; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Schneiderman I, Zagoory-Sharon O, Leckman JF, Feldman R. Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: Relations to couples’ interactive reciprocity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012;37:1277–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marazziti D, Dell’Osso B, Baroni S, Mungai F, Catena M, Rucci P, et al. A relationship between oxytocin and anxiety of romantic attachment. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2006;11:28.
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan LF, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL. African-American and Latina inner-city girls’ reports of romantic and sexual development. J Soc Pers Relat 2003;20:221–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman SS, Turner R, Araujo K. The influence of the relationship context on normative and personal sexual timetables in youths. J Res Adolesc 1999;9:25–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silbereisen RK, Schwarz B. Timing of first romantic involvement: commonalities and differences in the former Germanys. In: Nurmi JE, editor. Adolescence, culture, and conflicts: Growing up in Europe. New York, NY: Garland;1998. p. 129–148.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmiller JJ. Secret romantic relationships: consequences for personal and relational well-being. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2009;35:1452–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca AM, Mackey ER. Adolescents’ anxiety in dating situations: the potential role of friends and romantic partners. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2007;36:522–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Giudice M. Sex differences in romantic attachment: a meta-analysis. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2011;37:193–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell L, Marshall T. Anxious attachment and relationship processes: an interactionist perspective. J Pers 2011;79:1219–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trost SG, Pate RR, Dowda M, Saunders R, Ward DS, Felton G. Gender differences in exercise and determinants of exercise in rural fifth grade children. J School Health 1996;66:145–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen CJ, Pereira MA, Curran KM. Changes in exercise patterns in the United States, by sex and cross-sectional age. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:1601–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hünük D, Demirhan G. Turkish adolescents’ attitudes toward physical education. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111:324–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telama R, Yang X. Decline of physical activity from youth to adulthood in Finland. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:1617–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walseth K. Young Muslim women and sport: The impact of identity work. Leisure Studies 2006;25:25–94.
   Google Scholar
• Buss DM. Evolutionary psychology . The new science of the mind. 4th ed. New York: Prentice Hall; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hampton S. Essential evolutionary psychology. Los Angeles, CA: Sage;2009.
   Google Scholar
• Dunbar R, Barrett L, Lycett J. Evolutionary psychology. Oxford: Oneworld Publications;2007.
   Google Scholar
• Gangwisch JE, Babiss LA, Malaspina D, Turner JB, Zammit GK, Posner K. Earlier parental set bedtimes as a protective factor against depression and suicidal ideation. Sleep 2010; 33:97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megdal SP, Schernhammer ES. Correlates for poor sleepers in a Los Angeles high school. Sleep Med 2007;9:60–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qidwai W, Ishaque S, Shah S, Rahim M. Adolescent lifestyle and behaviour: A survey from a developing country. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e12914.
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A. A new bipolar spectrum concept: a brief review. Bipolar Disord 2002,4:11–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porter R. Madness: A brief history. Oxford: Oxford University Press;2002.
   Google Scholar
• Tallis F. Love sick: Love as a mental illness. London: Random/Century;2004.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Seifer R, Fallone G, Labyak SE, Martin JL. Evidence for the validity of a sleep habits survey for adolescents. Sleep 2003;26:213–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar