301
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Brief Report

Psychiatric aspects of acute withdrawal from gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its analogue gamma-butyrolactone (GBL): implications for psychiatry services in the general hospital

, , , &
Pages 154-156 | Received 23 Sep 2012, Accepted 25 Feb 2013, Published online: 12 Apr 2013

References

  • Bell J, Collins R. 2011. Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal. Addiction 106:442–447.
  • Catalano MC, Glass JM, Catalano G, Burrows SL, Lynn WA, Weitzner BS. 2001. Gamma butyrolactone withdrawal syndromes. Psychosomatics 42:83–88
  • European Monitoring Centre for drugs and drug addiction. Annual report 2011: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Amphetamines, ecstasy, hallucinogens, GHB and ketamine. Published 15th November 2011 . Accessed 30th November 2011. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/online/annual-report/2011/amphetamines/3.
  • McDonough M, Kennedy N, Glasper A, Bearn J. 2004. Clinical features and management of gamma- hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend 75:3–9.
  • van Noorden MS, van Dongen LC, Zitman FG, Vergouwen TA. 2009. Gamma-hydroxy butyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 31:394–396.
  • Winstock A. 2011. Drugs survey. MixMag 238:49–59.
  • Wojtowicz JM, Yarema MC, Wax PM. 2008. Withdrawal from gamma-hydroxybutyrate, 1,4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone: a case report and systematic review. CJEM 10:69–74.
  • Wood DM, Brailsford AD, Dargan PI. 2011. Acute toxicity and withdrawal syndromes related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its analogues gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). Drug Test Anal 3:417–425.
  • Wood DM, Nicolaou M, Dargan PI. 2009. Epidemiology of recreational drug toxicity in a nightclub environment. Subst Use Misuse 44:1495–1502.
  • Wood DM. 2011. Clinical Guideline: Management of gamma- hydoxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4- butanediol (1,4BD) withdrawal. London: Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust.
  • Zvosec DL, Smith SW, McCutcheon JD, Spillane J, Hall BJ, Peacock EA. 2001. Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-Butanediol. N Engl J Med 344:87–94.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.