Prevalence and disability of comorbid social phobia and obsessive–compulsive disorder in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

References

• Abramowitz JS. 2005. Hypochondriasis: conceptualization, treatment, and relationship to obsessive compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 17:211–217.
   Google Scholar
• Adam Y, Meinlschmidt G, Gloster AT, Lieb R. 2012. Obsessive- compulsive disorder in the community: 12-month prevalence, comorbidity and impairment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47:339–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert U, Venturello S, Maina G, Ravizza L, Bogetto F. 2001. Bulimia nervosa with and without obsessive-compulsive syndromes. Compr Psychiatry 42:456–460.
   Google Scholar
• Altamura AC, Buoli M, Albano A, Dell’Osso B. 2010a. Age at onset and latency to treatment (duration of untreated illness) in patients with mood and anxiety disorders: a naturalistic study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 25:172–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altamura AC, Camuri G, Dell’Osso B. 2010b. Understanding the role of the duration of untreated illness in psychiatric disorders: a narrative review. Riv Psichiatr 45:197–208.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J, Goodwin R, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. 2004. Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254:156–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J, Gamma A, Baldwin DS, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rössler W. 2009. The generalized anxiety spectrum: prevalence, onset, course and outcome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DS, Allgulander C, Altamura AC, Angst J, Bandelow B, den Boer J, et al. 2010. Manifesto for a European anxiety disorders research network. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20:426–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandelow B. 1995. The assessment of efficacy of treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia. II. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 10:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco C, Rubio JM, Wall M, Secades-Villa R, Beesdo-Baum K, Wang S. 2014. The latent structure and comorbidity patterns of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder: a national study. Depress Anxiety 31:214–222.
   Google Scholar
• Chou KL. 2009. Age at onset of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17:455–464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson JR, Hughes DC, George LK, Blazer DG. 1994. The boundary of social phobia. Exploring the threshold. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:975–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Osso B, Camuri G, Benatti B, Buoli M, Altamura AC. 2013. Differences in latency to first pharmacological treatment (duration of untreated illness) in anxiety disorders: a study on patients with panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry 7:374–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruijn C, Beun S, De Graaf R, Ten Have M, Denys D. 2010. Subthreshold symptoms and obsessive-compulsive disorder: evaluating the diagnostic threshold. Psychol Med 40:989–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federici A, Summerfeldt LJ, Harrington JL, McCabe RE, Purdon CL, Rowa K, Antony MM. 2010. Consistency between self-report and clinician-administered versions of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. J Anxiety Disord 24:729–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehm L, Beesdo K, Jacobi F, Fiedler A. 2008. Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineberg NA, Hengartner MP, Bergbaum C, Gale T, Rossler W, Angst J. 2013. Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in the community: impact, prevalence, socio-demographic and clinical characeristic. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 17:188–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, Williams J. 2002. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Delgado P, Heninger GR, Charney DS. 1989a. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1012–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, Mazure C, Fleischmann RL, Hill CL, et al. 1989b. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1006–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves DC, Byrne GJ. 2012. Sooner or later: age at onset of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Depress Anxiety 29:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RD, Hamilton SP. 2002. The early-onset fearful panic attack as a predictor of severe psychopathology. Psychiatry Res 109:71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graystone HJ, Garner MJ, Baldwin DS. 2009. Social anxiety symptoms across diagnoses among outpatients attending a tertiary care mood and anxiety disorders service. J Affect Disord 114:305–309.
   Google Scholar
• Greeven A, van Balkom AJLM, van Rood YR, van Oppen P, Spinhoven P. 2006. The boundary between hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cross-sectional study from the Netherlands. J Clin Psychiatry 67:1682–1689.
   Google Scholar
• Karsten J, Hartman CA, Smit JH, Zitman FG, Beekman ATF, Cuijpers P, et al. 2011. Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years. Br J Psychiatry 198:206–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katerndahl DA, Talamantes M. 2000. A comparison of persons with early-versus late-onset panic attacks. J Clin Psychiatry 61:422–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavan MG, Elsasser G, Barone EJ. 2009. Generalized anxiety disorder: practical assessment and management. Am Fam Physician 79:785–791.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertz SJ, Woodruff-Borden J. 2011. Human and economic burden of GAD, subthreshold GAD, and worry in a primary care sample. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 18:281–290.
   Google Scholar
• Le Roux H, Gatz M, Wetherell JL. 2005. Age at onset of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13: 23–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebowitz MR. 1987. Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 22:141–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longley SL, Calamari JE, Wu K, Wade M. 2010. Anxiety as a context for understanding associations between hypochondriasis, obsessive-compulsive, and panic attack symptoms. Behav Ther 41:461–474.
   Google Scholar
• Mellman TA. 2006. Sleep and anxiety disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29:1047–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S, Acharyya S, Zhang H, Angst J. 2002. The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry 51:81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, van Balkom A, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P. 2010. Early intervention in panic: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 196:326–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt D, Ballenger J. 2003. Anxiety disorders: Panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Lemoine P. 1998. Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population. Compr Psychiatry 39:185–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oral E, Aydin N, Gulec M, Oral M. 2012. Panic disorder and subthreshold panic in the light of comorbidity: a follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 53:988–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector NA, Kamkar K, Cassin SE, Ayearst LE, Laposa JM. 2011. Assessing excessive reassurance seeking in the anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 25:911–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Torgrud LJ, Walker JR. 2000. Social phobia symptoms, subtypes, and severity: findings from a community survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1046–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. 1996. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11:89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Liebowitz MR, Weissman MM. 1992. Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:282–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU, Fehm L. 2001. Epidemiology, patterns of comorbidity, and associated disabilities of social phobia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 24:617–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU, Jacobi F, Rehm J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Jönsson B, et al. 2011. The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21:655–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU, Fuetsch M, Sonntag H, Müller N, Liebowitz M. 2000. Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia. Findings from a controlled study. Eur Psychiatry 15:46–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahreddine N, Richa S. 2013. Non-antidepressant treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Curr Clin Pharmacol(In press).
   Google Scholar