References
- Finkelhor D, Hotaling G, Lewis I A, et al. Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse Negl 1990; 14: 19–28
- Saunders B E, Villeponteaux L A, Lipovsky J A, et al. Child sexual assault as a risk factor for mental health disorders among women: A community sample. J Interpers Viol 1992; 7: 189–204
- Anderson J, Martin J, Mullen P, et al. Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse experiences in a community sample of women. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993; 32: 911–9
- Baker A W, Duncan S P. Child sexual abuse: A study of prevalence in Great Britain. Child Abus Negl 1985; 9: 457–67
- Cloitre M, Tardiff K, Marzuk P, et al. Childhood abuse and subsequent sexual assault among female inpatients. J Traum Stress 1996; 9: 473–82
- Chu J A, Dill D L. Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 887–92
- Craine L S, Henson C E, Colliver J A, et al. Prevalence of a history of sexual abuse among female psychiatric patients in a state hospital system. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1988; 39: 300–4
- Beck J C, van der Kolk B A. Reports of childhood incest and current behavior of chronically hospitalized psychotic women. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1474–6
- Bryer J B, Nelson B A, Miller J B, Krol P A. Childhood sexual and physical abuse as factors in adult psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1426–30
- Muenzenmaier K, Meyer I, Struening E, Ferber J. Childhood abuse and neglect among women outpatients with chronic mental illness. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1993; 44: 666–70
- Bell C C, Taylor-Crawford K, Jenkins E J, Chalmers D. Need for victimization screening in a black psychiatric population. J Natl Med Assoc 1988; 80: 41–8
- Lipschitz D S, Kaplan M L, Sorkenn J B, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of physical and sexual abuse among psychiatric outpatients. Psych Serv 1996; 47: 189–191
- Davies-Netzley S, Hurlburt M S, Hough R. Childhood abuse as a precursor to homelessness for homeless women with severe mental illness. Viol Vict 1996; 11: 129–42
- Goodman L A, Dutton M A, Harris M. Physical and sexual assault prevalence among episodically homeless women with serious mental illness. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1995; 65: 468–78
- Scott K D. Childhood sexual abuse: impact on a community's mental health status. Child Abuse Negl 1992; 16: 285–95
- Felitti V J. Long-term medical consequences of incest, rape, and molestation. South Med J 1991; 84: 328–31
- Rimsza M E, Berg R A. Sexual abuse: somatic and emotional reactions. Child Abuse Negl 1988; 12: 201–8
- Drossman D A, Leserman J, Nachman G, et al. Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Int Med 1990; 113: 828–33
- Walker E A, Katon W J, Hansom J, et al. Medical and psychiatric symptoms in women with childhood sexual abuse. Psychosom Med 1992; 54: 638–64
- Arnold R P, Rogers D, Cook D AG. Medical problems of adults who were sexually abused in childhood. Br Med J 1990; 300: 705–8
- Gomes-Schwartz B, Horowitz J, Cardarelli A P. Child sexual abuse: The initial effects. Sage. Thousand Oaks, CA. 1990
- Sheldrick C. Adult sequelae of child sexual abuse. Br J Psych 1991; 158(suppl. 10)55–62
- Ratna L. (Crisis Monographs). Crisis intervention with survivors of sexual abuse. Barnet Healthcare Trust, London. 1996
- Cutler S E, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Accounting for sex differences in depression through female victimization: childhood sexual abuse. Sex Roles J Res 1991; 24: 425–38
- Bagley C, Ramsay R. Sexual abuse in childhood: Psychological outcomes and implications for social work practice. J Social Work Hum Sexuality 1986; 4: 33–47
- Mullen P E. The long-term influence of sexual assault on the mental health of victims. J Forensic Psychiatry 1990; 1: 13–34
- Sedney M A, Brooks E B. Factors associated with a history of childhood sexual experience in a nonclinical female population. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984; 23: 215–8
- Pribor E F, Dinwiddie S H. Psychiatric correlates of incest in childhood. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 52–6
- Briere J, Runtz M. Suicidal thoughts and behaviours in former sexual abuse victims. Can J Behav Sci 1986; 18: 413–23
- Davidson J RT, Hughes D C, George L K, Blazer D G. The association of sexual assault and attempted suicide within the community. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 550–5
- Stein M B, Walker J R, Anderson G, et al. Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 275–7
- Moncrieff J, Drummond D C, Candy B, et al. Sexual abuse in people with alcohol problems. A study of the prevalence of sexual abuse and its relationship to drinking behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169: 355–60
- Browne A, Finklehor D. Impact of childhood sexual abuse: A review of the research. Psychol Bull 1986; 99: 66–77
- DeGroot J M. Correlates of sexual abuse in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Can J Psychiatry 1992; 37: 516–8
- Shearer S L, Peters C P, Quaytman M S, Ogden R L. Frequency and correlates of childhood sexual and physical abuse histories in adult female borderline inpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 214–6
- Ogata S N, Silk K R, Goodrich S. Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1008–13
- Herman J L. Histories of violence in an outpatient population: An exploratory study. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1986; 56: 137–41
- Silverman A B, Reinherz H Z, Giaconia R M. The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20: 709–23
- Jumper S A. A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to adult psychological adjustment. Child Abuse Negl 1995; 19: 715–28
- Dimock P. Adult males sexually abused as children. Characteristics and implications for treatment. J Interpen Viol 1988; 3: 203–21
- Jehu D. Sexual dysfunction among women clients who were sexually abused in childhood. Behav Psychother 1989; 17: 53–70
- McGuire L S, Wagner N N. Sexual dysfunction among women who were molested as children: One response pattern and suggestion for treatment. J Sex Marital Therapy 1978; 4: 11–15
- Meiselman K. Incest: A psychological study of causes and effects with treatment recommendations. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 1978
- Briere J. Post sexual abuse trauma: data and implications for clinical practice. J Interpers Viol 1987; 2: 367–79
- Russell D. The secret trauma. Incest in the lives of girls and women. Basic Books, New York 1986
- Russell D. The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. Child Abuse Negl 1983; 7: 133–45
- Fromuth M E, Burkhart B R. Long-term psychological correlates of childhood sexual abuse in two samples of college men. Child Abuse Negl 1989; 13: 533–42
- Wyatt G E, Guthrie D, Notgrass C M. Differential effects of women's child sexual abuse and subsequent sexual revictimization. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 167–73
- Bagley C, Young L. Juvenile prostitution and child sexual abuse: A controlled study. Can J Community Mental Health 1987; 6: 5–26
- McCormack A, Janus D, Burgess D W. Runaway youths and sexual victimization: gender differences in an adolescent runaway population. Child Abuse Negl 1986; 10: 387–95
- Widom C S. Child abuse, neglect and adult behavior: research design and findings on criminality, violence and child abuse. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1989; 59: 355–67
- Burgess D W, Hartman C R, McCormack A. Abused to abuser: antecedents of socially deviant behaviors. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1431–6
- Powell G J. The last closet: The lives of sexually abused children. WW Norton, New York 1991
- Allers C T, Benjack K J. Connections between childhood abuse and HIV infection. J Couns Develop 1991; 70: 309–13
- Sheldon H. Childhood sexual abuse in adult female psychotherapy referrals: Incidence and implications for treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 152: 107–111
- Josephson G S, Fong-Beyette M L. Factors assisting female client's disclosure of incest during counselling. J Couns Develop 1987; 65: 475–8
- Gelinas D J. The persisting negative effects of incest. Psychiatry 1983; 46: 312–32
- Faria G, Belohlavek N. Treating female adult survivors on incest. Social Case Work. 1984; 65: 465–71
- Miller A. Thou shalt not be aware/Farrar. Straus & Giroux, New York. 1984
- Jehu D. Beyond sexual abuse: Therapy with women who were childhood victims. John Wiley, Chichester 1988
- Courtois C A. Healing the incest wound. Adult survivors in therapy. WW Norton, New York 1988
- Briere J, Runtz M. Post sexual abuse trauma: Data and implications for clinical practice. J Interpers Viol 1986; 2: 367–379
- Durrant M, While C. Ideas for therapy with sexual abuse. Dulwich Centre Publications, AdelaideAustralia 1990
- Gelinas D J. Relational patterns in incestuous families, malevolent variations, and specific interventions with the adult survivor. Treatment of adult survivors of incest, P L Paddison. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC. 1993; 1–34
- Herman J, Hirschman L. Father-daughter incest. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 1981
- Courtois C A, Watts D L. Counselling adult women who experienced incest in childhood or adolesence. Personn Guidance J 1982; 60: 275–9
- Jehu D, Klassen C, Gazan M. Cognitive restructuring of distorted beliefs associated with childhood sexual abuse. J Social Work Hum Sexuality 1986; 4: 49–60
- Finklehor D, Hotaling G, Lewis I A, et al. Sexual abuse and its relationship to later sexual satisfaction, marital status, religion, and attitudes. J Interpers Viol 1989; 4: 279–399
- Kirschner S, Kirschner D A, Rappaport R L. Working with adult incest survivors: the healing journey. Brunner/Mazel, New York 1993; 149–172
- Gelinas D J. Family therapy: characteristic family constellation and basic therapeutic stance. Vulnerable populations. Vol. I: Evaluation and treatment of sexually abused children and adult survivors, S M Sgroi. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA. 1988; 25–49
- Cameron C. Women survivors confronting their abusers: issues, decisions, and outcomes. J Child Sexual Abuse 1994; 3: 7–35
- Vulnerable populations. Evaluation and treatment of sexually abused children and adult survivors, S M Sgroi. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA. 1988; Vol. 1: 51–76
- Hall Z M, Mullee M A, Thompson C TI. A clinical and service evaluation of group therapy for women survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Research foundations for psychotherapy practice, M Aveline, D A Shapiro. Wiley, New York 1995; 263–79
- Roberts J P. Group psychotherapy for survivors. Curr Opin Psychiatry 1994; 7: 222–4
- Beutler L E, Hill C E. Process and outcome research in the treatment of adult victims of childhood sexual abuse: methodological issues. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 204–12
- Armsworth M W. Therapy of incest survivors: abuse or support?. Child Abuse Negl 1989; 13: 549–62
- Rodibaum B, Foa E B, Riggs D S, et al. A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. J Traum Stress 1992; 5: 455–75
- Kramer T L, Green B. Posttraumatic stress disorder as an early response to sexual assault. J Interpers Viol 1991; 6: 160–73
- Resnick H S, Kilpatrick D G, Lipovsky J A. Assessment of rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder: stressor and symptom dimensions. Psychol Assess 1991; 3: 561–72
- Kilpatrick D G, Saunders B F, Veronen L J, et al. Criminal victimisation: lifetime prevalence reporting to the police and psychological impact. Crim Delinq 1987; 33: 479–89
- Atkeson B M, Calhoun K S, Resick P A, et al. Victims of rape: repeated assessment of depressive symptoms. J Consult Clin Psychol 1982; 50: 96–102
- Kilpatrick D G, Veronen L J, Resick P A. The aftermath of rape: recent empirical findings. J Orthopsychiatry 1979; 149: 658–69
- Kilpatrick D G, Saunders B E, Veronen L J, et al. Victim and crime factors associated with the development of crime related post traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy 1989; 20: 199–214
- McLeer S V, Deblinger E, Atkins M S, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988; 27: 650–4
- Rodriguez N, Ryan S W, Rowan A B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20: 943–52
- Trauma and recovery. From domestic abuse to political terror, J L Herman. Harper-Collins, London 1992
- Terr L. Childhood traumas—an outline and overview. Am J Psych 1991; 148: 10–20
- Roth S, Newman E, Pelcovitz D, et al. Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: results from the DSM-IV Field Trial for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Trauma Stress 1997; 10: 539–55
- Zanarini M C, Williams A A, Lewis R E, et al. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1101–6
- Laporte L, Guttman H. Traumatic childhood experiences as risk factors for borderline and other personality disorders. J Personal Disorders 1996; 10: 247–59
- Teicher M H, Glod C A, Surrey J, Swett C, Jr. Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1993; 5: 301–6
- Bremner J D, Randall P, Scott T M, et al. Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Res 1995; 59: 97–107
- Stein J A, Colding J M, Siegel J M, . Long-term psychological sequelae of child sexual abuse: the Los Angeles epidemiologic catchment area study. Lasting effects of child sexual abuse, G E Wyatt, G J Powell, et al, Sage/Newbury Park/, CA. 1989
- Lemieux A M, Coe C L. Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for chronic neuroendocrine activation in women. Psychosom Med 1995; 57: 105–115
- De Bellis M D, Chrousos G P, Dorn L D, et al. Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 249–55
- Yatham L N, Sacamano J, Kusumakar V. Assessment of noradrenergic functioning in patients with non-combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A study with desmethylimipra-mine and orthostatic challenges. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63: 1–6
- De Bellis M D, Lefter L, Trickett P K, et al. Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33: 320–7
- De Bellis M D, Burke L, Trickett P K, et al. Aninuclear antibodies and thyroid function in sexually abused girls. J Traum Stress 1996; 9: 369–78
- Jensen J B, Pease J J, Ten Bensel R, Garfinkel B D. Growth hormone response patterns in sexually or physically abused boys. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30: 784–90
- Carrey N J, Butter H J, Persinger M A, Bialik R J. Physiological and cognitive correlates of child abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1067–75
- Glod C A, Teicher M H, et al. Increased nocturnal activity and impaired sleep maintenance in abused children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 1236–43
- Glod C A, Teicher M H. Relationship between early abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and activity levels in prepubertal children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 34: 1384–93
- Stein M B, Koverola C, Hanna C, et al. Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychol Med 1997; 27: 951–9
- Bremner J D, Randall P K, Vermetten E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 41: 23–32
- Bremner J D, Radcall F, Scott T M, et al. MRI based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 52: 973–81
- Gurvits T V, Shenton M E, Hokama H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40: 1091–9
- Metcalfe J, Jacobs W J. A ‘hot-system/cool system’ view of memory under stress. PTSD Res Quart 1996; 7: 1–6
- Ratna L. Pharmocotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. A literature review and case report of treatment with nefazodone. Int J Psych Clin Pract 1997; 1: 169–77
- Davidson J, van der Kolk B, Brady K, et al. Double blind study of sertraline and placebo in patients with post traumatic disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmocol 1997; 7: 242
- van der Kolk B A, Dryfuss D, Michaels M, et al. Fluoxetine in post traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1994; 55: 517–22
- Davidson J, Malik M, Sutherland S N. Response characteristics to antidepressants and placebo in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Pharmacol 1997; 12: 291–6
- Stahl S M. Psychopharmocology of antidepressants. Martin Dunitz, London 1997
- Blackburn T P. The 5HTC receptor: Therapeutic potential. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1997; 7: 128
- Deakin W, Graeff F. 5-HT and mechanisms of defense. J Psychopharmacol 1991; 5: 305–15
- Graeff F. Role of 5-HT in defensive behavior and anxiety. Rev Neurosci 1993; 4: 181–211
- McEwen B S. Adrenal steroid actions on brain dissecting the fine line between protection and damage. Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder, M J Friedman, D S Charney, A Y Deutch. Lippincott-Raven, New York 1995; 135–147
- Chalmers D, Kwak S, Mansour A, et al. Corticosteroids regulate brain hippocampal 5-HTIA receptor mRNA expression. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 914–23
- McKittrick C R, Blanchard D, Blanchard R, et al. Serotonin receptor binding in colony model of chronic social stress. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 37: 383–93
- Stahl M S, Frakes D C. Nefazodone and serotonin receptor modulators: a new member of an unique class of antidepressant agents. Int Rev Psychiatry 1995; 7: 29–39
- Goodman L A, Rosenberg S D, Mueser K T, Drake R E. Physical and sexual assault history in women with serious mental illness: prevalence, correlates, treatment, and future research directions. Schizophr Bull 1997; 23: 685–96
- Saunders D G, Hamberger L K, Hovey M. Indicators of woman abuse based on a chart review at a family practice center. Arch Fam Med 1993; 2: 537–43
- Wurr C J, Partridge I M. TI The prevalence of a history of childhood sexual abuse in an acute adult inpatient population. Child Abuse Negl 1996; 20: 867–72
- Eilenberg J, Fullilove M T, Goldman R G, Mellman L T. Quality and use of trauma histories obtained from psychiatric outpatients through mandated inquiry. Psychiatr Serv 1996; 47: 165–9
- Marcus R. Open label studies of nefazodone 1988, in press
- Ratna L. Crisis intervention in PTSD (Crisis monographs). Barnet Healthcare Trust, London 1997
- Turner K, DeRosa R, Roth S, et al. A multi-modal treatment for incest survivors: preliminary outcome data. Clin Psychol Psychother 1996; 3: 208–219