Mania and bipolar disorder: Current concepts on assessment, diagnosis and management

References

• Kraepelin E. Manic depressive insanity and paranoia. Livingston, Edinburgh. 1991
   Google Scholar
• Griesinger W. Mental pathology and therapeutics 2nd edn. New Sydenham Society, London 1867
   Google Scholar
• Leonhard K, Korff I, Shulz H. Die Temperamente und den Familien der monopolaren und die bipolaren phasichen Psychosen. Psychiatr Neural 1962; 143: 416–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angst J, Ferris C. Zur Nosologie endogener Depressionen. Vergleich der Ergebnisse Zweier Untersuchungen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenk 1968; 210: 373–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn(DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Blacker D, Tsuang M T. Contested boundaries of bipolar disorder and the limits of categorical diagnosis in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1473–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller M, et al. A family study of manic depressive (bipolar I) disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995; 52: 367–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. W.H.O., Geneva 1992
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Baestrup P, Graf P, et al. The course of monopolar depression and bipolar psychosis. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochirurg 1973; 76: 486–500
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal H S. Le spectre bipolaire: acquisitions et perspectives cliniques. Encephale 1995; 21(6)3–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akiskal H S. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16(suppl 1)4S–14S
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter W T, Strauss J S, Merleh S. Are there pathognomom'c symptoms of schizophrenia? An empiric investigation of Schneider's first rank symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28: 847–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler K S, Neale M C, Walsh D. Evaluating the spectrum concept of schizophrenia in the Roscommon family study. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 152: 749–54
   Google Scholar
• Taylor M A, Amir N. Are schizophrenia and affective disorder related? The problem of schizoaffective disorder and the discrimination of the psychoses by signs and symptoms. Comp Psychiatry 1994; 35: 420–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maj M, Penis C. Patterns of course in patients with a cross-sectional diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. J Affect Disorder 1990; 20: 71–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dewhurst K. The neurosyphilitic psychoses today: a survey of 91 cases. Br J Psychiatry 1969; 115: 31–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyketsos C G, Corazzini K, Steele C. Mania in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995; 7: 350–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heila H, Turpeinen P, Erkinjuntti T. Case study: mania associated with multiple sclerosis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1591–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings J L. Anatomic and behavioural aspects of frontal-subcortical circuits. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 769: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor-Henry P. Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled investigation. Epilepsia 1969; 10: 363–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly W F. Psychiatric aspects of Cushing's syndrome. QJM 1996; 89: 543–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whybrow P C, Prange A J, Treadway C R. Mental changes accompanying thyroid gland dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1969; 20: 48–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski S M, McElroy S L, Keck P EJ, et al. The effects of antecedent substance abuse on the development of first-episode psychotic mania. J Psychiatr Res 1996; 30: 59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell P H. (Maudsley Monograph). Amphetamine psychosis. Oxford University Press, London 1958
   Google Scholar
• Strang J. Drug use and harm reduction: responding to the challenge. Psychoactive drugs and harm reduction, N Heather, A Wodack, E Nadelmann, P O'Hare. Whurr, London 1993; 3–20
   Google Scholar
• Solowij N. Ecstasy (3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine). Curr Opinion Psychiatry 1993; 6: 411–5
   Google Scholar
• Kat H. More on SSRI-induced mania [letter]. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 975
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franchini L, Zanardi R, Gasperini M, et al. Fluvoxamine and lithium in long-term treatment of unipolar subjects with high recurrence rate. J Affect Disord 1996; 38: 67–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shammi C. Antidepressant-induced mania [letter]. Can J Psychiatry 1995; 40: 635–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briscoe J J, Harrington R C, Prendergast M. Development of mania in close association with tricyclic amidepressant administration in children. A report of two cases. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 4: 280–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyer C. Modern antidepressants. Br Med J 1991; 303: 331–2
   Google Scholar
• Peet M. Induction of mania with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 549–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehr T A, Goodwin F K. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness?. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 1403–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz S F. Mania associated with risperidone use [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 41–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Mallakh R S, Harrison L T, Li R, et al. An animal model for mania: preliminary results. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995; 19: 5–62
   Google Scholar
• Mesure G, Fallet A, Chevalier J F. Effets psychotropes des inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion: quels arguments?. Encephale 1995; 21: 609–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palline K A. Isoniazid associated psychosis: Case report and review of literature. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27: 167–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pickles R W, Spelman D W. Suspected ethambutol-induced mania [letter]. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 445–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ur E, Turner T H, Goodwin T J, et al. Mania in association with hydrocortisone replacement for Addison's disease. Postgrad Med J 1992; 68: 41–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rego M D, Giller E L. Amantadine associated mania. J Clin Psych 1989; 50: 143–144
   Google Scholar
• Hauck A, Bhaumik S. Hypomania induced by gabapentin [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167: 549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polles A, Griffith J L. Dextromethorphan-induced mania. Psychosomatics 1996; 37: 71–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantor D A, Browne M, Ravindran A, Horn E. Manic-like response to phototherapy. Can J Psychiatry 1991; 36: 697–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwitzer J, Neudorfer C, Blecha H G, Fleischhacker W. Mania as a side effect of phototherapy. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 28: 532–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmider J, Lammers C H, Gotthardt U, et al. Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in acute and remitted manic patients, in acute depression, and in normal controls. I. Biol Psychiatry 1995; 38: 797–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty F. GABA and mood disorders: a brief review and hypothesis. J Affect Disord 1995; 34: 275–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye M A, Altshuler L L, Szuba M P, et al. The relationship between antimanic agent for treatment of classic or dysphoric mania and length of hospital stay. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 17–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes M, Goossens F, Scharpe S, et al. Alterations in plasma prolyl endopeptidase activity in depression, mania, and schizophrenia: effects of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotic drugs. Psychiatry Res 1995; 58: 217–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessa G L, Pani L, Fadda P, et al. Sleep deprivation in the rat: an animal model of mania. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1995; 5(suppl)89–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avissar S, Barki-Harrington L, Nechamkin Y, et al. Reduced beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled Gs protein function and Gs alpha immunoreactivity in mononuclear leukocytes of patients with depresssion. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39: 755–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachman H M, Papolos D F. A molecular model for bipolar affective disorder. Med Hypotheses 1995; 45: 255–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thakore J H, O'Keane V, Dinan T G. d-fenfluramine-induced prolactin responses in mania: evidence for serotonergic subsensitivity. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1460–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wender P H, Kety S S, Rosenthal D, et al. Psychiatric disorder in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals with affective disorders. Arch Gen Psych 1986; 43: 923–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur G, Coryell W, Endicott J, et al. Familial depression versus depression identified in a control group: are they the same?. Psychol Med 1995; 25: 797–806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rush A J, Kain J W, Rease J, . Neurological bases for psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive Neurology, R N Rosenberg, et al. Raven Press, New York 1991; 555–603
   Google Scholar
• Nurnberger J I, Gershon E S. Genetics. Handbook of affective disorders, E S Paykel. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1992; 141–8
   Google Scholar
• Ginns E I, Ott J, Egeland J A, et al. A genome-wide search for chromosomal loci linked to bipolar affective disorder in the Old Order Amish. Nat Genet 1996; 12: 431–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freimer N B, Reus V I, Escamilla M A, et al. Genetic mapping using haplotype, association and linkage methods suggests a locus for severe bipolar disorder (BPI) at 18q22-q23. Nat Genet 1996; 12: 436–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriou-Serbanescu M, Wickramaratne P J, Hodge S E, et al. Genetic anticipation and imprinting in bipolar I illness. Br J Psych 1997; 170: 162–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Regier D A, Boyd J H, Booke J D, et al. One month's prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psych 1988; 45: 977–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angst J. The epidemiology of depressive disorders. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol 1995; 5 (suppl): 95–8
   Google Scholar
• Van Os J, Takei N, Castle D J, et al. The incidence of mania: time trends in relation to gender and ethnicity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemicol 1996; 31: 129–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daly I, Webb M, Kaliszer M. First admission incidence study of mania, 1975–1981. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167: 463–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veijola J, Rasanen P, Isohanni M. Low incidence of mania in northern Finland [letter]. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168: 520–1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leibenluft E. Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 163–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie H, Leff M. Bipolar depression — a comparative study of patient characteristics. Am J Psychiatry 1971; 127: 1086–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith A L, Weissman M M. Epidemiology. Handbook of affective disorders, E S Paykel. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1992; 111–129
   Google Scholar
• Cohen L S, Sichel D A, Robertson L M, et al. Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1641–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi R. Affective disorders: manic illness. Psychiatry in the elderly, R Jacobi, C Oppenheimer. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991; 720–34
   Google Scholar
• Mahe V, Feline A. La manie du sujet agé: I. Les maladies maniaco-depressives à debut tardif. Ann Med Psychol Paris 1996; 54: 217–25
   Google Scholar
• Geller B, Sun K, Zimerman B, et al. Complex and rapid-cycling in bipolar children and adolescents: a preliminary study. J Affect Disord 1995; 34: 259–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak J, Biederman J, Mundy E, et al. A pilot family study of childhood-onset mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1577–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West S A, Strakowski S M, Sax K W, et al. The comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescent mania: potential diagnostic and treatment implications. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31: 347–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania: an overlooked comorbidity?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35: 997–1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski S M, McElroy S L, Keck P EJ, et al. Suicidality among patients with mixed and manic bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 674–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y W, Dilsaver S C. Comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders. Psychiatry Res 1995; 59: 57–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pini S, Cassano G B, Simonini E, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression, unipolar depression and dysthymia. J Affect Disord 1997; 42: 145–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pica S, Edwards J, Jackson H J, et al. Personality disorders in recent-onset bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 499–510
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpenter D, Clarkin J F, Glick I D, Wilner P J. Personality pathology among married adults with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 1995; 34: 269–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn D. The psychotherapy of mania. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1990; 13: 229–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin F, Jamison K. Psychotherapy. Manic-depressive illness, F Goodwin, K Jamison. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1990; 725–45
   Google Scholar
• McGlashan D. Affective disorders and axis-II comorbidity. 139th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. 1986. APA, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Harrow M, Goldberg J, Grossman L, et al. Outcome in manic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 665–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson H, Herbison P, Romans S. Life events and relapse in established bipolar affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163: 381–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambelas A. Psychologically stressful events in the precipitation of manic episodes. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 135: 15–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leff J P, Fischer M, Bertelsen A. A cross-national epidemiological study of mania. Br J Psychiatry 1976; 129: 428–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow J C. Recent advances in the treatment of mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11: 3–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keck P EJ, McElroy S L. Outcome in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacology 1996; 16(suppl 1)15S–23S
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jusic N, Lader M. Post-mortem antipsychotic drug concentration and unexplained deaths. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 787–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelenberg A J, Hopkins H S. Antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(suppl 9): 49–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin F K, Jamison K R. Manic-depressive illness1st edn. Oxford University Press, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Small J G, Klapper M H, Marhenke J D, et al. Lithium combined with carbamazepine or haloperidol in the treatment of mania. Psychopharmacol Bull 1995; 31: 265–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstone T. Carbamazepine in affective disorders. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1990; 1: 115–23
   Google Scholar
• Simhandl C, Denk E, Thau K. The comparative efficacy of carbamazepine low and high serum level and lithium carbonate in the prophylaxis of affective disorders. J Affect Disord 1993; 28: 221–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy S L, Keck P E, Stanton S P, et al. A randomized comparison of divalproex oral loading versus haloperidol in the initial treatment of acute psychotic mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 142–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden C L, Brugger A M, Swann A C, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. JAMA 1994; 271: 918–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes S G. Long-term valproate prophylaxis in refractory affective disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1992; 4: 55–63
   Google Scholar
• Calabrese J R, Delucchi G. Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 431–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell P, Withers K, Jacobs G, et al. Combining lithium and sodium valproate for bipolar disorder. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1994; 28: 141–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granneman G R, Schneck D W, Cavanaugh J H, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions and side effects resulting from concomitant administration of lithium and divalproex sodium. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 204–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Castillo J, Baldesserini R J, et al. Blood dyscrasias with carbamezepine and valproate: a pharmaco-epidemiological study of 2, 228 patients at risk. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 413–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thisted E, Ebbesen F. Malformations, withdrawal manifestations and hypoglycaemia after exposure to valproate in utero. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69: 288–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee S, Sackheim H A, Schmey D B. ECT of acute manic episodes: a review of 50 years experience. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 169–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnerty M, Levin Z, Miller L J. Acute manic episodes in pregnancy [clinical conference]. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 261–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felner J I, Lapiere Y D, Hall E, et al. Rapid reduction of mania by means of reserpine therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 143: 1058
   Google Scholar
• Goodnick P J. Nimodipine treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer M S, Whybrow P C. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder II: treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 435–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonacci D J, Swartz C M. Clozapine treatment of euphoric mania. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1995; 7: 203–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarate C A, Tohen M, Banov M D, et al. Is clozapine a mood stabiliser?. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 108–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnick P J. Treatment of mania: relationship between response to verapamil and changes in plasma calcium and magnesium levels. South Med J 1996; 89: 225–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouliaev G, Licht R W, Vestergaard P, et al. Treatment of manic episodes: zuclopenthixol and clonazepam versus lithium and clonazepam. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 93: 119–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tohen M, Zarate C AJ, Centorrino F, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 249–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporn J, Sachs G. The anticonvulsant lamotrigine in treatment-resistant manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17: 185–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogelson D L, Sternbach H. Lamotrigine treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 271–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverstone T, Romans S. Long term treatment of bipolar disorder. Drugs 1996; 51: 367–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coppen A, Noguera R, Bailey J, et al. Prophylactic lithium in affective disorders. Lancet 1971; ii: 275–9
   Google Scholar
• Prien R, Caffey E, Klett J. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate in manic depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28: 337–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller M, et al. A prospective follow-up of patients with bipolar and primary unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 457–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maj M, Arena F, Lovero N, et al. Factors associated with response to lithium prophylaxis in DSM-III major depression and bipolar disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 1985; 18: 309–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Saleh M T. Who responds to prophylactic lithium therapy?. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163(suppl 21): 20–6
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151(suppl)1–36
   Google Scholar
• Keck P EJ, McElroy S L, Strakowski S M, et al. Factors associated with pharmacologic noncompliance in patients with mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57: 292–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison K, Akiskal H. Medication compliance in patients with bipolar disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1983; 6: 175–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M, Harvey N S. Lithium maintenance: 1. A standard education programme for patients. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 197–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlfors U G, Baastrup P C, Denker S J, et al. Flupenthixol decoanate in recurrent manic depressive illness: a comparison with lithium. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981; 64: 226–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litdejohn R, Leslie F, Cookson J. Depot antipsychotics in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 165: 827–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White E, Cheung P, Silverstone T. Depot antipsychotics in bipolar affective disorder. Internal Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 8: 119–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitlin M J, Swendsen J, Heller T L, et al. Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1635–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey N S, Peet M. Lithium maintenance: 2. Effects of personality on health information acquisition and compliance. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 200–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce P. Prediction of treatment response. Handbook of affective disorders, E S Paykel. Churchill Livingstone, London 1992; 453–464
   Google Scholar
• Miklowitz D, Goldstein M, Nuechterlein K, et al. Family factors and the course of bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 225–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkin J, Click G, Haas G, et al. A randomised clinical trial of in-patient intervention. V: results for affective disorder. J Affect Disord 1990; 18: 17–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson R. The forgotten treatment modality in bipolar illness; psychotherapy. Dis Nerv System 1975; 36: 634–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wulsin L, Bachop M, Hoffman D. Group therapy in manic-depressive illness. Am J Psychother 1988; 42: 263–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran S. Preventing medical non-compliance in the out-patient treatment of bipolar affective disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1984; 52: 873–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock C. Mental health legislation: what every doctor needs to know (1). Hospital Update Feb., 1995; 76–9
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin G M. Recurrence of mania after lithium withdrawal. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164: 149–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien R F, Kupfer D J, Mansky P A, et al. Drug therapy in the prevention of recurrences in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 1096–1104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehr T A, Sack D A, Rosenthal N E. Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 201–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyers K, Brodaty H, Roy K, et al. Patient satisfaction with a mood disorders unit: elements and components. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1994; 28: 279–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock C. Mental health legislation: the need for reform. Hospital Update Apr., 1995; 173–6
   Google Scholar
• Taylor P, Monahan J. Dangerous patients or dangerous diseases [commentary]. Br Med J 1996; 312: 967–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koranyi R K, Potoczny W M. Physical illnesses underlying symptoms. Psychother Psychosom 1992; 58: 155–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar