References
- Fridkin SK, Jarvis WR. Epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9: 449–511.
- Odds FC. Candida and Candidosis, 2nd. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1998.
- Samaranayake LP, Fidel PL, Naglik JR, . Fungal infections associated with HIV infection. Oral Dis 2002; 8: 151–160.
- Fanello S, Bouchara JP, Jousset N, Delbos V, LeFlohic AM. Nosocomial Candida albicans acquisition in a geriatric unit: epidemiology and evidence for person-to-person transmission. J Hosp Infect 2001; 47: 46–52.
- Hargety JA, Ortiz J, Reich D, Manzarbeitia C. Fungal infections in solid organ transplant patients. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2003; 4: 263–271.
- Kojic EM, Darouiche RO. Candida infections of medical devices. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 255–267.
- Kumamoto CA. Candida biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol 2002; 5: 608–611.
- Kiehn TE, Edwards FF, Armstrong D. The prevalence of yeasts in clinical specimens from cancer patients. Amer J Clin Pathol 1980; 73: 518–521.
- Bassetti M, Righi E, Costa A, . Epidemiological trends in nosocomial candidemia in intensive care. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 21.
- Weinberger M, Leibovici L, Perez S, . Characteristics of candi-daemia with Candida albicans compared with non albicans Candida species and predictors of mortality. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61: 146–154.
- Nucci M, Colombo AL. Candidemia due to Candida tropicalis: clinical, epidemiologic and microbiologic characteristics of 188 episodes occurring in tertiary care hospitals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 58: 77–82.
- Rho J, Shin JH, Song JW, . Molecular investigation of two consecutive nosocomial clusters of Candida tropicalis candiduria using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Microbiol 2004; 42: 80–86.
- Bonassoli LA, Bertoli M, Svidzinski TIE. High frequency of Candida parapsilosis on the hands of healthy hosts. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59: 159–162.
- Hajjeh RA, Sofair AN, Harrison LH, . Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1519–1527.
- Tsai H, Bobek LA. Studies of the mechanism of human salivary histatin-5 candidacidal activity with histatin-5 variants and azole-sensitive and -resistant Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2224–2228.
- Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbial 1995; 49: 711–745.
- Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15: 167–193.
- Baillie GS, Douglas LJ. Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible role in biofilm resistance to antifungal agents. J Antimi-crob Chemother 2000; 46: 397–403.
- Mukherjee PK, Chandra J. Candida biofilm resistance. Drug Resist Update 2004; 7: 301–309.
- Hawser SP, Douglas LJ. Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro. Antimcrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2128–2131.
- Baillie GS, Douglas LJ. Role of dimorphism in the development of Candida albicans biofilm. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48: 671–679.
- Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, . biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans : development, architecture and drug resistance. J Bacteriol 2001; 183: 5385–5394.
- Jin Y, Yip KH, Samaranayake YH, Yau JY, Samaranayake LP. Biofilm-forming ability of Candida albicans is unlikely to contribute to high levels of oral yeast carriage in cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 2961–2967.
- Ramage G, Martinez JP, Lopez-Ribot JL. Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem. FEMS Yeast Res 2006; 6: 979–986.
- Hawser SP, Douglas LJ. Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro. Infect Immun 1994; 62: 915–921.
- Shin JH, Kee SJ, Shin MG, . Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic patients: comparison of bloodstream isolates with isolates from other sources. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1244–1248.
- Samaranayake YH, Ye J, Yau JYY, Cheung BPK, Samaranayake LP. In vitro method to study antifungal perfusion in Candida biofilms. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 818–825.
- Al-Fattani MA, Douglas LJ. Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis : chemical composition and role in drug resistance. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55: 999–1008.
- Jain N, Kohli R, Cook E, . Biofilm formation by and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from urine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73: 1693–1703.
- Bizerra CF, Nakamura CV, Poersch C, . Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida tropicalis and antifungal resistance. FEMS Yeast Res 2008; 8: 442–450.
- Scherer S, Stevens DA. Application of DNA typing methods to epidemiology and taxonomy of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25: 675–679.
- Azeredo J, Henriques M, Sillankorva S, Oliveira R. Extraction of exopolymers from biofilms: the protective effect of glutaraldehyde. Water Sci Technol 2003; 47: 175–179.
- Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 1956; 28: 350–356.
- Parahitiyawa NB, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP, . Interspecies variation in Candida biofilm formation studied using the Calgary biofilm device. APMIS 2006; 114: 298–306.
- Kuhn DM, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA. Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 878–888.
- Zaw MT, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP. In vitro biofilm formation of Candida albicans and non- albicans Candida species under dynamic and anaerobic conditions. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52: 761–767.
- Ramage G, Vande Walle K, Bachmann SP, Wickes BL, Lopez-Ribot JL. In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3634–3636.
- Wimpenny J, Manz W, Szewzyk U. Heterogeneity in biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000; 24: 661–671.
- Al-Fattani MA, Douglas LJ. Penetration of Candida biofilms by anti-fungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004; 48: 3291–3297.
- Kcrmery K Jr. Torulopsis glabrata an emerging pathogen in cancer patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 11: 1–6.
- Kumar CPG, Menon T. Biofilm production by clinical isolates of Candida species. Med Mycol 2006; 44: 99–101.