The still obscure attributes of cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan

References

• Perfect JR, Casadevall A. Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2002; 16: 837–874, v–vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicanic T, Harrison TS. Cryptococcal meningitis. Br Med Bull 2004;72:99–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doering TL. How does Cryptococcus get its coat? Trends Microbiol 2000; 8: 547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellerbroek PM, Walenkamp AM, Hoepelman AI, Coenjaerts FE. Effects of the capsular polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans on phagocyte migration and inflammatory mediators. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11: 253–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitz SM. Receptor-mediated recognition of Cryptococcus neoformans. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 2002; 43: 133–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirofski LA. Polysaccharides, mimotopes and vaccines for fungal and encapsulated pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2001; 9: 445–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchiarelli A. The cellular responses induced by the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans differ depending on the presence or absence of specific protective antibodies. Curr Mol Med 2005; 5: 413–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchiarelli A. Immunoregulation by capsular components of Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Mycol 2000; 38: 407–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden D, Zaragoza O, Casadevall A. The capsular dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14: 497–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden DC, De Jesus M, Casadevall A. The physical properties of the capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans suggest features for capsule construction. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 1868–1875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmesser M, Kress Y, Casadevall A. Dynamic changes in the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans during murine pulmonary infection. Microbiology 2001; 147: 2355–2365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Rivera J, Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans CAP59 (or Cap59p) is involved in the extracellular trafficking of capsular glucuronoxylomannan. Eukaryot Cell 2004; 3: 385–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoneda A, Doering TL. A eukaryotic capsular polysaccharide is synthesized intracellularly and secreted via exocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17: 5131–5140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L, Oliveira DL, . Vesicular polysaccharide export in Cryptococcus neoformans is a eukaryotic solution to the problem of fungal trans-cell wall transport. Eukaryot Cell 2007; 6: 48–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaragoza O, Telzak A, Bryan RA, Dadachova E, Casadevall A. The polysaccharide capsule of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans enlarges by distal growth and is rearranged during budding. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59: 67–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klutts JS, Yoneda A, Reilly MC, Bose I, Doering TL. Glycosyltransferases and their products: cryptococcal variations on fungal themes. FEMS Yeast Res 2006; 6: 499–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese AJ, Doering TL. Cell wall alpha-1,3-glucan is required to anchor the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule. Mol Microbiol 2003; 50: 1401–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese AJ, Yoneda A, Breger JA, . Loss of cell wall alpha(1-3) glucan affects Cryptococcus neoformans from ultrastructure to virulence. Mol Microbiol 2007; 63: 1385–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues ML, Alvarez M, Fonseca FL, Casadevall A. Binding of the wheat germ lectin to Cryptococcus neoformans suggests an association of chitinlike structures with yeast budding and capsular glucuronoxylomannan. Eukaryot Cell 2008; 7: 602–609.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nimrichter L, Frases S, Cinelli LP, . Self-aggregation of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan is dependent on divalent cations. Eukaryot Cell 2007; 6: 1400–1410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backhed F, Hornef M. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling by epithelial surfaces: necessity or threat? Microbes Infect 2003; 5: 951–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Zhang J, Yu FS. Toll-like receptor 2-mediated expression of beta-defensin-2 in human corneal epithelial cells. Microbes Infect 2006; 8: 380–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Summer WR, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Innate immunity and pulmonary host defense. Immunol Rev 2000; 173: 39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mednick AJ, Feldmesser M, Rivera J, Casadevall A. Neutropenia alters lung cytokine production in mice and reduces their susceptibility to pulmonary cryptococcosis. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 1744–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel GJ, Scofield BA. The in vitro interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with human lung epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19: 203–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganendren R, Carter E, Sorrell T, Widmer F, Wright L. Phospholipase B activity enhances adhesion of Cryptococcus neoformans to a human lung epithelial cell line. Microbes Infect 2006; 8: 1006–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa FM, Fonseca FL, Holandino C, . Glucuronoxylomannan-mediated interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with human alveolar cells results in fungal internalization and host cell damage. Microbes Infect 2006; 8: 493–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillot L, Carroll SF, Badawy M, Qureshi ST. Cryptococcus neoformans induces IL-8 secretion and CXCL1 expression by human bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res 2008; 9: 9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa FM, Fonseca FL, Figueiredo RT, . Binding of glucuronoxylomannan to the CD14 receptor in human A549 alveolar cells induces interleukin-8 production. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14: 94–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merkel GJ, Scofield BA. The effects of Cryptococcus neoformanssecreted antigens on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on human lung epithelial cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000; 29: 329–332.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaragoza O, Casadevall A. Experimental modulation of capsule size in Cryptococcus neoformans. Biol Proced Online 2004; 6: 10–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivera J, Feldmesser M, Cammer M, Casadevall A. Organ-dependent variation of capsule thickness in Cryptococcus neoformans during experimental murine infection. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 5027–5030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniak R, Morris LC, Anderson BC, Meyer SA. Facilitated isolation, purification, and analysis of glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjee AK, Kwon-Chung KJ, Glaudemans CP. Structural studies on the major, capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus bacillisporus serotype B. Carbohydr Res 1980; 82: 103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjee AK, Kwon-Chung KJ, Glaudemans CP. The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype D. Carbohydr Res 1979; 73: 183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjee AK, Kwon-Chung KJ, Glaudemans CP. On the structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype C–II. Mol Immunol 1979; 16: 531–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjee AK, Kwon-Chung KJ, Glaudemans CP. On the structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans serotype C. Immunochemistry 1978; 15: 673–679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cherniak R, Jones RG, Reiss E. Structure determination of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A-variant glucuronoxylomannan by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 1988; 172: 113–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniak R, Reiss E, Slodki ME, Plattner RD, Blumer SO. Structure and antigenic activity of the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A. Mol Immunol 1980; 17: 1025–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frases S, Nimrichter L, Viana NB, Nakouzi A, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide and exopolysaccharide fractions manifest physical, chemical, and antigenic differences. Eukaryot Cell 2008; 7: 319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland IW. Exopolysaccharides in biofilms, flocs and related structures. Water Sci Technol 2001; 43: 77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykstra MA, Friedman L, Murphy JW. Capsule size of Cryptococcus neoformans : control and relationship to virulence. Infect Immun 1977; 16: 129–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan RA, Zaragoza O, Zhang T, . Radiological studies reveal radial differences in the architecture of the polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell 2005; 4: 465–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxson ME, Cook E, Casadevall A, Zaragoza O. The volume and hydration of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44: 180–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar