Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly Ramichloridium mackenziei): a taxonomic update and review of the literature

References

• Kantarcioğlu AS, de Hoog GS. Infections of the central nervous system by melanized fungi: a review of cases presented between 1999 and 2004. Mycoses 2004; 47: 4–13.
   Google Scholar
• Revankar SG, Sutton DA, Rinaldi MG. Primary central nervous system phaeohyphomycosis: a review of 101 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 206–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzoni C, Markham L, Bijlenga P, Garbino J. Cladophialophora bantiana: a rare cause of fungal brain abscess. Clinical aspects and new therapeutic options. Med Mycol 2008; 46: 481–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton DA, Slifkin M, Yakulis R, Rinaldi MG. US case report of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Ramichloridium obovoideum (R. mackenziei): criteria for identification, therapy, and review of other known dematiaceous neurotropic taxa. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 97–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarcioğlu AS, Guarro J, de Hoog GS. Central nervous system infections by members of the Pseudallescheria boydii species complex in healthy and immunocompromised hosts: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcome. Mycoses 2008; 51: 275–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzanlou M, Groenewald J Z, Gams W, . Phylogenetic and morphotaxonomic revision of Ramichloridium and allied genera. Stud Mycol 2007; 58: 57–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell CK, Al-Hedaithy SSA. Phaeohyphomycosis of the brain caused by Ramichloridium mackenziei sp. nov. in Middle Eastern countries. J Med Vet Mycol 1993; 31: 325–332.
   Google Scholar
• Khan ZU, Lamdhade SJ, Johny M, . Additional case of Ramichloridium mackenziei cerebral phaeohyphomycosis from the Middle East. Med Mycol 2002; 40: 429–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Abdely HM, Alkhunaizi AM, Al-Tawfiq JA, . Successful therapy of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium mackenziei with the new triazole posaconazole. Med Mycol 2005; 43: 91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podnos YD, Anastasio P, De La Maza L, Kim RB. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Ramichloridium obovoideum (Ramichloridium mackenziei): Case report. Neurosurgery 1999; 45: 372–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. Amplification and sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Innis N, Gelfand D, Sninsky J, White TC. PCR-Protocols and Applications – A Laboratory Manual. New York: Academic Press, 1990; 315–322.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtzman CP, Robnett CJ. Identification of clinically important ascomycetous yeasts based on nucleotide divergence in the 5’ end of the large-subunit (26s) ribosomal DNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1216–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson SW, Kurtzman CP. Phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus Issatchenkia kudriavzev. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1990; 58: 235–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Methods for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi; Approved Standard, 2nd. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kanj SS, Amr SS, Roberts GD. Ramichloridium mackenziei brain abscess: report of two cases and review of the literature. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amir SS, Al-Tawfiq JA. Aspiration cytology of brain abscess from a fatal case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium mackenziei. Diagn Cytopathol 2007; 35: 695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashgari TQ, Al-Miniawi H, Moawad Hanna MK. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Ramichloridium mackenziei in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2000; 20: 457–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahel G. The banana leaf speckle in Surinam caused by Chloridium musae nov. spec. and another related banana disease. Trop Agric 1937; 14: 42–44.
   Google Scholar
• de Hoog GS. Rhinocladiella and allied genera. Stud Mycol 1977; 15: 1–140.
   Google Scholar
• McGinnis MR, Schell WA. The genus Fonsecaea and its relationship to the genera Cladosporium, Phialophora, Ramichloridium and Rhinocladiella. Pan Am Health Org Sci Pub 1980; 396: 215–234.
   Google Scholar
• de Hoog GS, Rahman MA, Boekhout T. Ramichloridium, Veronaea and Stenella: generic delimitation, new combinations and two new species. Trans Br Mycol Soc 1983; 81: 485–490.
   Google Scholar
• Collette N, Van der Auwera P, Meunier F, . Tissue distribution and bioactivity of amphotricin B administered in liposomes to cancer patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27: 535–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ur-Rahman N, Mahgoub El Sh, Chagla AH. Fatal brain abscess caused by Ramichloridium obovoideum: report of three cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1988; 93: 92–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horré R, de Hoog GS. Primary cerebral infections by melanized fungi: a review. Stud Mycol 1999; 43: 176–193.
   Google Scholar
• Jamjoom A B, Al-Hedaithy SAS, Jamjoom ZAB, . Intracranial mycotic infections in neurosurgical practice. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 137: 78–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surash S, Tyagi A, de Hoog GS, . Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Fonsecaea monophora. Med Mycol 2005; 43: 465–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron MA, Sutton DA, Veve R, . Invasive mycotic infections caused by Chaetomium perlucidum, a new agent of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5302–5307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Como JA, Dismukes WE. Oral azole drugs as systemic antifungal therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 263–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg R N, Mullane K, van Burik JA H, . Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 126–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad II, Graybill JR, Bustamante AB, . Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1726–1734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Abdely H M, Najvar L, Bocanegra R, . SCH 56592, amphotericin B, or itraconazole therapy of experimental murine cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Ramichloridium obovoideum (‘Ramichloridium mackenziei’). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1159–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar