Prevalent nosocomial clusters among causative agents for candidemia in Hamilton, Canada

References

• Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, . Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1172–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajjeh AR, Sofair NA, Harrison LH, . Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1519–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentz AM, Halpern MT, Bowden R. The impact of candidemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 781–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ásmundsdόttir LR, Erlendsdόttir H, Haraldsson, G, . Molecular epidemiology of candidemia: evidence of clusters of smoldering nosocomial infections. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ásmundsdόttir LR, Erlendsdόttir H, Gottfredsson M. Improving survival of patients with candidaemia: analysis of prognostic factors from a long-term, nationwide study in Iceland. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37: 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ásmundsdόttir LR, Erlendsdόttir H, Gottfredsson M. Increasing incidence of candidemia: results from a 20-year nationwide study in Iceland. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3489–3492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee SN, Emori TG, Culver DH, . Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States, 1980–1989. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Am J Med 1991; 91: 86S–89S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marco F, Lockhart SR, Pfaller MA, . Elucidating the origins of nosocomial infections with Candida albicans by DNA fingerprinting with the complex probe Ca3. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2817–2828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA. Epidemiology of candidiasis. J Hospital Infect 1995; 30: 329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strausbaugh LJ, Sewell DL, Ward TT, . High frequency of yeast carriage on hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2299–2300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Asbeck EC, Huang YC, Markham AN, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Candida parapsilosis fungemia in neonates: genotyping results suggest healthcare workers hands as source, and review of published studies. Mycopathologia 2007; 164: 287–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein R, Reinhertz G, Hashman N, Merzbach D. Outbreak of Candida tropicalis fungemia in a neonatal intensive care unit. Mycoses 2003; 14: 587–590.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA. Nosocomial candidiasis: emerging species, reservoirs, and modes of transmission. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: S89–S94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujol C, Joly S, Lockhart SR, . Parity among the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and Southern blot hybridization with the moderately repetitive DNA probe Ca3 for fingerprinting Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2348–2358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles JC, Koreen L, Park S, Perlin DS. Multilocus sequence typing is a reliable alternative method to DNA fingerprinting for discriminating among strains of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2480–2488.
   Google Scholar
• Soll DR. The ins and outs of DNA fingerprinting the infectious fungi. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 332–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thanos M, Schonian G, Meyer W, . Rapid identification of Candida s pecies by DNA fingerprinting with PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Ramos AR, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG. Clonal and spontaneous origins of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1214–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamura D, Rotatein C, Nicolle L, Ioannou S, The fungal disease registry of The Canadian Infectious Disease Society. Candidemia at selected Canadian sites: results from the Fungal Disease Registry, 1992–1994. Can Med Assoc J 1999; 160: 493–499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottfredsson M, Vredenburgh JJ, Xu J, Schell WA, Perfect JR. Candidemia in women with breast carcinoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cancer 2003; 98: 24–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leroy O, Gangneux J-P, Montravers P, . Epidemiology management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005–2006). Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 1612–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis RE, Klepser M. The changing face of nosocomial candidemia: epidemiology, resistance, and drug therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56: 525–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Church DL, Ross T, Elsayed S. Invasive Candida species infections: a 5-year population based assessment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 532–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. Germain, Laverdière M, Pelletier R, . Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream Candida isolates in Quebec: Report on 453 cases between 2003 and 2005. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2008; 19: 55–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prentice AG. Oral and gastrointestinal Candidosis: Prophylaxis during immunosuppressive therapy. Mycoses 2009; 32: 42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Jones RN, . International surveillance of bloodstream infections due to Candida species: frequency of occurrence and in vitro susceptibilities to fluconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole of isolates collected from 1997 through 1999 in the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3254–3259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhary A, Becker K, Fegeler W, . An outbreak of candidemia due to Candida tropicalis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Mycoses 2003; 46: 287–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reagan DR, Pfaller MA, Hollis RJ, Wenzel RP. Evidence of nosocomial spread of Candida albicans causing bloodstream infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 21: 191–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Lockhart SR, Pujol C, . Hospital specificity, region specificity, and fluconazole resistance of Candida albicans bloodstream isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1518–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark TA, Slavinski SA, Morgan J, . Epidemiologic and molecular characterization of an outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in a community hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4468–4472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Diez B, Martinez V, Alvarez M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Martinez-Suarez JV. Molecular tracking of Candida albicans in a neonatal intensive care unit: long-term colonizations versus catheter-related infections. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 3032–3036.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith PB, Morgan J, Benjamin JD, . Excess costs of hospital care associated with neonatal candidemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26: 197–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, . An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2725–2732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez V, Vazquez JA, Barth-Jones D, . Nosocomial acquisition of Candida parapsilosis: an epidemiologic study. Am J Med 1993; 94: 577–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaoutis TE, Argon J, Chu J, . The epidemiology and attributable outcomes of candidemia in adults and children hospitalized in the United States: a propensity analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1232–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar