Multilocus sequence typing of Cryptococcus neoformans in non-HIV associated cryptococcosis in Nagasaki, Japan

References

• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Boekhout T, Fell JW, Diaz M. Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. basillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon 2002; 51: 804–806.
   Google Scholar
• Franzot SP, Salkin IF, Casadevall A. Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 838–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Varma A. Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans?FEMS Yeast Res 2006; 6: 574–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boekhout T, Theelen B, Diaz M, . Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiology 2001; 147: 891–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsu M, Kidd S, Ando A, . The internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene show extensive diversity among isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. FEMS Yeast Res 2004; 4: 377–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvintseva AP, Thakur R, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG. Multilocus sequence typing reveals three genetic subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), including a unique population in Botswana. Genetics 2006; 172: 2223–2238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer W, Castaneda A, Jackson S, Huynh M, Castaneda E. Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 189–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovers M, Hagen F, Kuramae EE, Boekhout T. Six monophyletic lineages identified within Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45: 400–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tintelnot K, Lemmer K, Losert H, Schar G, Polak A. Follow-up of epidemiological data of cryptococcosis in Austria, Germany and Switzerland with special focus on the characterization of clinical isolates. Mycoses 2004; 47: 455–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay ST, Lim HC, Tajuddin TH, . Determination of molecular types and genetic heterogeneity of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii in Malaysia. Med Mycol 2006; 44: 617–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivares LR, Martinez KM, Cruz RM, . Genotyping of Mexican Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii isolates by PCR-fingerprinting. Med Mycol 2009; 47: 713–721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora DJ, Pedrosa AL, Rodrigues V, . Genotype and mating type distribution within clinical Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from patients with cryptococcal meningitis in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Med Mycol48: 561–569.
   Google Scholar
• Liaw SJ, Wu HC, Hsueh PR. Microbiological characteristics of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans in Taiwan: serotypes, mating types, molecular types, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 16: 696–703.
   Google Scholar
• Igreja RP, Lazera Mdos S, Wanke B, . Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients of the Brazilian city, Rio de Janeiro. Med Mycol 2004; 42: 229–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinea J, Hagen F, Pelaez T, . Antifungal susceptibility, serotyping, and genotyping of clinical Cryptococcus neoformans isolates collected during 18 years in a single institution in Madrid, Spain. Med Mycol48: 942–948.
   Google Scholar
• Chen J, Varma A, Diaz MR, . Cryptococcus neoformans strains and infection in apparently immunocompetent patients, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 755–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YH, Ngamskulrungroj P, Varma A, . Prevalence of the VNIc genotype of Cryptococcus neoformans in non-HIV-associated cryptococcosis in the Republic of Korea. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10: 769–778.
   Google Scholar
• The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Hazen KC, Howell SA. Candida, Cryptococcus and other yeasts of medical importance. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th edn, vol. 2. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003: 1762–1788.
   Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A, Stockman L, Roberts G, . Comparison of RapID yeast plus system with API 20C system for identification of common, new, and emerging yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 883–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto de Oliveira MT, Boekhout T, Theelen B, . Cryptococcus neoformans shows a remarkable genotypic diversity in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1356–1359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lengeler KB, Cox GM, Heitman J. Serotype AD strains of Cryptococcus neoformans are diploid or aneuploid and are heterozygous at the mating-type locus. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Z, Li X, Xu J. Geographic distribution of mating type alleles of Cryptococcus neoformans in four areas of the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 965–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer W, Aanensen DM, Boekhout T, . Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Med Mycol 2009; 47: 561–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngamskulrungroj P, Gilgado F, Faganello J, . Genetic diversity of the Cryptococcus species complex suggests that Cryptococcus gattii deserves to have varieties. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perfect JR, Lang DR, Durack DT. Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits. Am J Pathol 1980; 101: 177–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simwami SP, Khayhan K, Henk DA, . Low diversity Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii multilocus sequence types from Thailand are consistent with an ancestral African origin. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7: e1001343.
   Google Scholar
• Feng X, Yao Z, Ren D, Liao W, Wu J. Genotype and mating type analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates from China that mainly originated from non-HIV-infected patients. FEMS Yeast Res 2008; 8: 930–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Li XR, Wu SX, . Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans species complex isolates from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in southeast China. Frontiers Med China 2010; 4: 117–126.
   Google Scholar
• Frases S, Ferrer C, Sanchez M, Colom-Valiente MF. Molecular epidemiology of isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex from Spain. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009; 26: 112–117.
   Google Scholar
• Kume H, Yamazaki T, Togano T, . Epidemiology of visceral mycoses in autopsy cases in Japan: comparison of the data from 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2007 in Annual of Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan.Med Mycol J; 52: 117–127.
   Google Scholar
• Kohno S. Clinical and mycological features of cryptococcosis. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 2003; 44: 159–162.
   Google Scholar
• Hironaga M, Ikeda R, Fukazawa Y, Watanabe S. Mating types and serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated in Japan. Sabouraudia 1983; 21: 73–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kohno S, Varma A, Kwon-Chung KJ, Hara K. Epidemiology studies of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans of Japan by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1994; 68: 1512–1517.
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto K, Hatakeyama S, Itoyama S, . Cryptococcus gattii genotype VGIIa infection in man, Japan,2007. Emerg Infect Dis2010; 16: 1155–1157.
   Google Scholar
• Varma A, Swinne D, Staib F, Bennett JE, Kwon-Chung KJ. Diversity of DNA fingerprints in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1807–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litvintseva AP, Marra RE, Nielsen K, . Evidence of sexual recombination among Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates in sub-Saharan Africa. Eukaryot Cell 2003; 2: 1162–1168.
   Google Scholar
• Litvintseva AP, Mitchell TG. Most environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) are not lethal for mice. Infect Immun 2009; 77: 3188–3195.
   Google Scholar