Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy

References

• Archer DF. Efficacy and tolerability of local estrogen therapy for urogenital atrophy. Menopause 2010;17:194–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiblum S, Bachmann G, Kemmann E, Colburn D, Swartzman L. Vaginal atrophy in the postmenopausal woman. The importance of sexual activity and hormones. JAMA 1983;249:2195–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moalli PA, Talarico LC, Sung VW, et al Impact of menopause on collagen subtypes in the arcus tendineous fasciae pelvis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:620–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips CH, Anthony F, Benyon C, Monga AK. Collagen metabolism in the uterosacral ligaments and vaginal skinof women with uterine prolapse. BJOG 2006;113:39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinelli A, Malvasi A, Rahimi S, et al Age-related pelvic floor modifications and prolapse risk factors in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010;17:204–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatmentof atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Phys 2000;61:3090–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semmens JP, Wagner G. Estrogen deprivation and vaginal function in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1982;248:445–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann C, Reid G. Vaginal microbial diversity among postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Can J Microbiol 2005;51: 777–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pabich WL, Fihn SD, Stamm WE, et al Prevalence and determinants of vaginal flora alterations in postmenopausal women. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1054–8
   Google Scholar
• Smith EM, Ritchie JM, Levy BT, et al Prevalence and persistence of human papillomavirus in postmenopausal age women. Cancer Detect Prevent 2003;27:472–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergman A, Karram MM, Bhatia NN. Changes in urethral cytology following estrogen administration. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990;29:211–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semmelink HJ, de Wilde PC, van Houwelingen JC, Vooijs GP. Histomorphometric study of the lower urogenital tract in pre- and post-menopausal women. Cytometry 1990;11:700–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pastore LM, Carter RA, Hulka BS, Wells E. Self-reported urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative. Maturitas 2004;49:292–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi RE, Lachowsky M. Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas 2009;63:138–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Burger H. Are changes in sexual functioning during midlife due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril 2001;76:456–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genazzani AR, Schneider HPG, Panay N, Nijland EA. The European Menopause Survey 2005: Women's perceptions on the menopause and postmenopause hormone therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006;22:369–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow DH, Cardozo LD, Francis RM, et al Urogenital ageing and its effect on sexual health in older British women. BJOG 1997;104:87–91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi RE, Nijland NA. Women's perception of sexuality around the menopause: outcomes of a European telephone survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;137:10–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang KE, Xu L, I NN, Jaisamrarn U. The Asian Menopause Survey: knowledge, perceptions, hormone treatment and sexual function. Maturitas 2010;65:276–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blümel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, et al Collaborative Group for Research of the Climacteric in Latin America (REDLINC). Sexual dysfunction in middle-aged women: a multicenter Latin American study using the Female Sexual Function Index. Menopause 2009;16:1139–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelo-Branco C, Palacios S, Mostajo D, et al Menopausal transition in Movima women, a Bolivian native-American. Maturitas 2005;51:380–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics South Africa. www.statssa.gov.za
   Google Scholar
• Walker AR, Walker BF, Ncongwane J, et al Age of menopause in black women in South Africa. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91:797–801
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sidibe EH. Menopause in Africa. Ann Endocrinol(Paris) 2005;66:105–7
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann GA, Leiblum SR, Kemmann E, et al Sexual expression and its determinants in the post-menopausal woman. Maturitas 1984;6:19–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, JA, Komi, J. Vulvovaginal atrophy negatively impacts sexual function, psychosocial well-being, and partner relationships. Poster presented at North American Menopause Association Annual Meeting; October 3–6, 2007, Dallas, Texas
   Google Scholar
• Caillouette JC, Sharp CF Jr, Zimmerman GJ, Roy S. Vaginal pH as a marker for bacterial pathogens and menopausal status. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:1270–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D, Cardozo L. The menopause and HRT. Urogenital effects of hormone therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;17:91–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson S, James M, Abrams P. The effect of oestradiol onvaginal collagen metabolism in postmenopausal womenwith genuine stress incontinence. BJOG 2002; 109:339–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale GA, Zibecchi L, Petersen L, et al Development andvalidation of a physical examination scale to assess vaginalatrophy and inflammation. Climacteric 1999;2:197–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Guidance for industry. Estrogen and estrogen/progestin drug products to treat vasomotor symptoms and vulvar and vaginal atrophy symptoms – recommendations for clinical evaluation (Draft Guidance). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/5412dft.pdf
   Google Scholar
• North American Menopause Society. Menopause Practice: A Clinician's Guide3rd edn. The North American Menopause Society, 2007:55
   Google Scholar
• North American Menopause Society. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women; 2010 statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2010;17:242–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graziottin A, Leiblum S. Biological and psychosocial pathophysiology of female sexual dysfunction during the menopause transition. J Sex Med 2005;2:133–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardozo L, Bachmann G, McClish D, Fonda D, Birgerson L. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:722–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleja-Agius J, Brincat M. Urogenital atrophy. Climacteric 2009;12:279–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Laak J, de Bie L, de Leeuw H, de Wilde P, Hanselaar A. The effect of Replens on vaginal cytology in the treatment of postmenopausal atrophy: cytomorphology versus computerized cytometry. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:446–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bygdeman M, Swahn M. Replens versus dienoestrol cream in the symptomatic treatment of vaginal atrophyin postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1996;23: 259–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglia N, Peano E, Sgandurra P, et al Low-dose vaginal estrogens or vaginal moistuizer in breast cancer survivors with urogenital atrophy: a preliminary study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010;26:404–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods R, Colville N, Blazquez J, Cooper A, Whitehead M. Effects of red clover isoflavones (Promensil) versus placebo on uterine endometrium, vaginal maturation index and the uterine artery in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause Int 2004;10:17
   Google Scholar
• Weed S. Menopausal Years: The Wise Woman Way – Alternative Approaches for WomenWoodstock, New YorkAsh Tree1992
   Google Scholar
• Yildrim B, Kaleli B, Duzcan E, Topuz O. The effects of postmenopausal Vitamin D treatment on vaginal atrophy. Maturitas 2004;49:334–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Veque F, Hendrix S. Oral pilocarpine to treat vaginal xerosisassociated with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhoea in premenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 2004;22(Suppl):14S, Abstr 8099
   Google Scholar
• Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo M, Villero J, Nohales F, Julia M. Management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Maturitas 2005;52(Suppl 1):S46–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panay N, Fenton A. Complementary therapies for managing the meno pause: has there been any progress? Climacteric 2010;13:201–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, et al Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:1063–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein I. Recognizing and treating urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010;19:425–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eugster-Hausmann M, Waitzinger J, Lehnick D. Minimized estradiol absorption with ultra-low-dose 10 μg 17β-estradiol vaginal tablets. Climacteric 2010;13:219–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haspels AA, Luisi M, Kicovic PM. Endocrinological and clinical investigations in postmenopausal women following administration of vaginal cream containing oestriol. Maturitas 1981;3:321–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckling J, Kennedy R, Lethaby A, Roberts H. Local oestrogen therapy for vaginal atrophy in post menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 Issue 4 CD 001500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulrich L, Naessen T, Elia D, et al Endometrial safety of ultra-low-dose Vagifem 10 μg in postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy. Climacteric 2010;13:228–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg E, Ayton R, Darling G, et al Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet. Climacteric 2005;8:883–92
   Google Scholar
• Bachmann G, Bouchard C, Hoppe D, et al Efficacy and safety of low dose regimens of conjugated estrogen cream administered vaginally. Menopause 2009;16:719–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Baghdadi O, Ewies AAA. Topical estrogen therapy in the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric 2009;12:91–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pines A, Sturdee DW, Birkhauser MH, et al IMS Updated Recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric 2007;10:181–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AH, Guzail M, Al-Azzawi F. Differential expression of oestrogen receptor isoforms and androgen receptor in the normal vulva and vagina compared with vulval lichen sclerosus and chronic vaginitis. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:319–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunandan C, Agrawal S, Dubey P, Choudhury M, Jain A. A comparative study of the effects of local estrogen with or without local testosterone on vulvovaginal and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med 2010;7:1284–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaginal testosterone cream vs Estring for vaginal dryness or decreased libido in early stage breast cancer patients (E-String). Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00698035?view=resulys. Accessed 2009 Feb 23
   Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Archer D, Bouchard C, et al Intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone), a physiological and highly efficient treatment of vaginal atrophy. Menopause 2009;16:907–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Archer D, Bouchard P, et al Effect of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone) on libido and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2009;16:923–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2007;14:357–69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalentzi T, Panay N. Safety of vaginal oestrogen in postmenopausal women. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2005;7:241–4
   Google Scholar
• Krychman ML, Pereira L, Carter J, Amsterdam A. Sexual oncology: sexual health issues in women with cancer. Oncology 2006;71:18–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dew JE, Wren BG, Eden JA. A cohort study of topical vaginal estrogen therapy in women previously treated for breast cancer. Climacteric 2003;6:45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballagh SA. Vaginal hormone therapy for urogenital and menopausal symptoms. Semin Reprod Med 2005;223:126–40
   Google Scholar