Does mammographic density reflect the expression of breast cancer markers?

References

• Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Bronskill M, et al. Breast tissue composition and susceptibility to breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010;102:1224–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Sun L, Miller N, et al. The association of measured breast tissue characteristics with mammographic density and other risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:343–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd NF, Jensen HM, Cooke G, et al. Mammographic densities and the prevalence and incidence of histological types of benign breast disease. Reference Pathologists of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2000;9:15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack VA, dos Santos Silva I. Breast density and parenchymal patterns as markers of breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1159–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisson J, Diorio C, Masse B. Wolfe’s parenchymal pattern and percentage of the breast with mammographic densities: redundant or complementary classifications?Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:728–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Rommens JM, et al. Mammographic density: a heritable risk factor for breast cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2009;472:343–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heine JJ, Malhotra P. Mammographic tissue, breast cancer risk, serial image analysis, and digital mammography. 1. Tissue and related risk factors. Acad Radiol 2002;9:298–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisson J, Morrison AS, Kopans DB, et al. Height and weight, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:371–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diorio C, Pollak M, Byrne C, et al. Levels of C-peptide and mammographic breast density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:2661–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bastawissi AY, White E, Mandelson MT, Taplin SH. Reproductive and hormonal factors associated with mammographic breast density by age (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:955–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murkes D, Lalitkumar PG, Leifland K, et al. Percutaneous estradiol/oral micronized progesterone has less-adverse effects and different gene regulations than oral conjugated equine estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate in the breasts of healthy women in vivo. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012;28(Suppl 2): 12–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Yaffe MJ, Minkin S. Mammographic density: a hormonally responsive risk factor for breast cancer. J Br Menopause Soc 2006;12:186–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pike MC, Pearce CL, Wu AH. Prevention of cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary. Oncogene 2004;23:6379–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson DE, Tarone RE. Involution and the etiology of breast cancer. Cancer 1994;74:424–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzick J, Warwick J, Pinney E, et al. Tamoxifen-induced reduction in mammographic density and breast cancer risk reduction: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:744–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak M, Costantino J, Polychronakos C, et al. Effect of tamoxifen on serum insulinlike growth factor I levels in stage I breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1693–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diorio C, Pollak M, Byrne C, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF-binding protein-3, and mammographic breast density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:1065–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Pollak MN, Hankinson SE. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:699–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alowami S, Troup S, Al-Haddad S, et al. Mammographic density is related to stroma and stromal proteoglycan expression. Breast Cancer Res 2003;5:R129–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna M, Jacob S, Têtu B, Diorio C. Association of inflammatory cytokines with breast cancer risk factors. Presented at the 81st Congress of the Association Francophone pour le Savoir (Acfas), Quebec City, May 6–10, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Harvey JA, Santen RJ, Petroni GR, et al. Histologic changes in the breast with menopausal hormone therapy use: correlation with breast density, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and proliferation indices. Menopause 2008;15:67–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh K, Brandt KR, Reynolds C, et al. Tissue composition of mammographically dense and non-dense breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012;131:267–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo YP, Martin LJ, Hanna W, et al. Growth factors and stromal matrix proteins associated with mammographic densities. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;10:243–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstrom E, Sahlin L, Skoog L, et al. Expression of Syndecan-1 in histologically normal breast tissue from postmenopausal women with breast cancer according to mammographic density. Climacteric 2006;9:277–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steude JS, Maskarinec G, Erber E, et al. Mammographic density and matrix metalloproteinases in breast tissue. Cancer Microenviron 2010;3:57–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vachon CM, Sasano H, Ghosh K, et al. Aromatase immunoreactivity is increased in mammographically dense regions of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;125:243–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheus M, Maskarinec G, Erber E, et al. Mammographic density and epithelial histopathologic markers. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang WT, Lewis MT, Hess K, et al. Decreased TGFbeta signaling and increased COX2 expression in high risk women with increased mammographic breast density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;119:305–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinberg DL, Wood TL, Furth PA, Lee AV. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the transition from normal mammary development to preneoplastic mammary lesions. Endocr Rev 2009;30:51–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange KS, Wilkinson D, Edin G, Emerman JT. Mitogenic properties of insulin-like growth factors I and II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and epidermal growth factor on human breast stromal cells in primary culture. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004;84:77–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange KS, Wilkinson D, Emerman JT. Mitogenic properties of insulin-like growth factors I and II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and epidermal growth factor on human breast epithelial cells in primary culture. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002;75:203–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Wang S, Tian T, et al. Phenotypes and genotypes of insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-binding protein-3 and cancer risk: evidence from 96 studies. Eur J Hum Genet 2009;17:1668–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diorio C, Brisson J, Berube S, Pollak M. Genetic polymorphisms involved in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway in relation to mammographic breast density and IGF levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:880–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin MB, Stoica A. Insulin-like growth factor-I and estrogen interactions in breast cancer. J Nutr 2002;132: 3799–801S
   Google Scholar
• Yarden Y. Biology of HER2 and its importance in breast cancer. Oncology 2001;61(Suppl 2):1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey TM, Mulvey TM, Patnode TA, et al. Mammary epithelial cells treated concurrently with TGF-alpha and TGF-beta exhibit enhanced proliferation and death. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007;232:1027–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleishman SJ, Schlessinger J, Ben-Tal N. A putative molecular-activation switch in the transmembrane domain of erbB2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:15937–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao W, Wang C, Han R, Jiang H. HER2 codon 655 polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;114:371–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone J, Gurrin LC, Byrnes GB, et al. Mammographic density and candidate gene variants: a twins and sisters study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:1479–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyamala G, Chou YC, Louie SG, et al. Cellular expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary glands: regulation by hormones, development and aging. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002;80:137–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang EC, Frasor J, Komm B, Katzenellenbogen BS. Impact of estrogen receptor beta on gene networks regulated by estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4831–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu MM, Albanese C, Anderson CM, et al. Opposing action of estrogen receptors alpha and beta on cyclin D1 gene expression. J Biol Chem 2002;277:24353–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger P, Sahla ME, Makela S, et al. Decreased expression of estrogen receptor beta protein in proliferative preinvasive mammary tumors. Cancer Res 2001;61:2537–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardin A, Boulle N, Lazennec G, et al. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2004;11:537–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy LC, Leygue E. The role of estrogen receptor-beta in breast cancer. Semin Reprod Med 2012;30:5–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolcott CG, SenGupta SK, Hanna WM, Aronson KJ. Estrogen and progesterone receptor levels in nonneoplastic breast epithelium of breast cancer cases versus benign breast biopsy controls. BMC Cancer 2008;8:130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu KD, Chen AX, Shao ZM. No association between a progesterone receptor gene promoter polymorphism (+ 331G> A) and breast cancer risk in Caucasian women: evidence from a literature-based meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 122:853–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumas I, Diorio C. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the estrogen pathway and mammographic density. BMC Cancer 2010;10:636
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumas I, Diorio C. Estrogen pathway polymorphisms and mammographic density. Anticancer Res 2011;31:4369–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquemier JD, Hassoun J, Torrente M, Martin PM. Distribution of estrogen and progesterone receptors in healthy tissue adjacent to breast lesions at various stages – immunohistochemical study of 107 cases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1990; 15:109–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chumsri S, Howes T, Bao T, et al. Aromatase, aromatase inhibitors, and breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011;125:13–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irahara N, Miyoshi Y, Taguchi T, et al. Quantitative analysis of aromatase mRNA expression derived from various promoters (I.4, I.3, PII and I.7) and its association with expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNAs in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2006;118:1915–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macaulay VM, Nicholls JE, Gledhill J, et al. Biological effects of stable overexpression of aromatase in human hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 1994;69:77–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haiman CA, Stram DO, Pike MC, et al. A comprehensive haplotype analysis of CYP19 and breast cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort. Hum Mol Genet 2003;12:2679–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Av P, Crofford LJ, Wilder RL, Hla T. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in synovial fibroblasts by prostaglandin E and interleukin-1: a potential mechanism for inflammatory angiogenesis. FEBS Lett 1995;372:83–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soslow RA, Dannenberg AJ, Rush D, et al. COX-2 is expressed in human pulmonary, colonic, and mammary tumors. Cancer 2000;89:2637–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelson CR, Simpson ER. Estrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumor is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology 1996;137:5739–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbaramaiah K, Hudis C, Chang SH, et al. EP2 and EP4 receptors regulate aromatase expression in human adipocytes and breast cancer cells. Evidence of a BRCA1 and p300 exchange. J Biol Chem 2008;283:3433–44
   Google Scholar
• Li F, Ren GS, Li HY, et al. A novel single nucleotide polymorphism of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene associated with breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009;21:302–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu KD, Chen AX, Yang C, et al. Current evidence on the relationship between polymorphisms in the COX-2 gene and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;122:251–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coussens LM, Fingleton B, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations. Science 2002;295:2387–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balduyck M, Zerimech F, Gouyer V, et al. Specific expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, 9 and 13 associated with invasiveness of breast cancer cells in vitro. Clin Exp Metastasis 2000;18:171–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkins TL, Nowell M, Singh S, Sanford GL. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 decreases breast cancer cell motility, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase expression. BMC Cancer 2006;6:181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohrmann A, Kammerer U, Kapp M, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in primary human breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines: New findings and review of the literature. BMC Cancer 2009;9:188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin A, Cai Q, Shu XO, et al. Genetic polymorphisms in the matrix metalloproteinase 12 gene (MMP12) and breast cancer risk and survival: the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res 2005;7:R506–12
   Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Du LF, Lv GQ, et al. Current evidence on the relationship between four polymorphisms in the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) gene and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;127:813–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker AH, George SJ, Zaltsman AB, et al. Inhibition of invasion and induction of apoptotic cell death of cancer cell lines by overexpression of TIMP-3. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1347–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Goldberg ID, Shi YE. Complex roles of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21: 2245–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uria JA, Ferrando AA, Velasco G, et al. Structure and expression in breast tumors of human TIMP-3, a new member of the metalloproteinase inhibitor family. Cancer Res 1994;54:2091–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne JA, Tomasetto C, Rouyer N, et al. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 gene in breast carcinoma: identification of multiple polyadenylation sites and a stromal pattern of expression. Mol Med 1995;1:418–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson NB, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Gao YT, et al. Polymorphisms in tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-2 and -3 and breast cancer susceptibility and survival. Int J Cancer 2009;125:844–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei H, Hemminki K, Altieri A, et al. Promoter polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: few associations with breast cancer susceptibility and progression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007;103:61–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrimon N, Bernfield M. Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes. Nature 2000;404:725–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Shriver Z, Qi Y, et al. Dynamic regulation of tumor growth and metastasis by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;28:67–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menashe I, Maeder D, Garcia-Closas M, et al. Pathway analysis of breast cancer genome-wide association study highlights three pathways and one canonical signaling cascade. Cancer Res 2010;70:4453–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofgren L, Sahlin L, Jiang S, et al. Expression of syndecan-1 in paired samples of normal and malignant breast tissue from postmenopausal women. Anticancer Res 2007;27:3045–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda T, Alexander CM, Friedl A. Induction of syndecan-1 expression in stromal fibroblasts promotes proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:612–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santra M, Mann DM, Mercer EW, et al. Ectopic expression of decorin protein core causes a generalized growth suppression in neoplastic cells of various histogenetic origin and requires endogenous p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. J Clin Invest 1997;100:149–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscatello DK, Santra M, Mann DM, et al. Decorin suppresses tumor cell growth by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Invest 1998;101:406–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leygue E, Snell L, Dotzlaw H, et al. Expression of lumican in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 1998;58:1348–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leygue E, Snell L, Dotzlaw H, et al. Lumican and decorin are differentially expressed in human breast carcinoma. J Pathol 2000;192:313–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelemen LE, Couch FJ, Ahmed S, et al. Genetic variation in stromal proteins decorin and lumican with breast cancer: investigations in two case-control studies. Breast Cancer Res 2008;10:R98
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Baruch A. Host microenvironment in breast cancer development: inflammatory cells, cytokines and chemokines in breast cancer progression: reciprocal tumor-microenvironment interactions. Breast Cancer Res 2003;5:31–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolini A, Carpi A, Rossi G. Cytokines in breast cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2006;17:325–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purohit A, Newman SP, Reed MJ. The role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: implications for the etiology of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2002;4:65–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavey C, Bibeau F, Gourgou-Bourgade S, et al. Oestrogen receptor negative breast cancers exhibit high cytokine content. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:R15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery ML, Curtin K, Baumgartner R, et al. IL6, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk in women living in the southwestern United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:747–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Cao C, Luo H, et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha -308G/A polymorphism and risk of the four most frequent cancers: a meta-analysis. Int J Immunogenet 2011;38:311–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haakensen VD, Biong M, Lingjaerde OC, et al. Expression levels of uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase genes in breast tissue from healthy women are associated with mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res 2010;12:R65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scollen S, Luccarini C, Baynes C, et al. TGF-{beta} signaling pathway and breast cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20:1112–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemette C, Belanger A, Lepine J. Metabolic inactivation of estrogens in breast tissue by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: an overview. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:246–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starlard-Davenport A, Lyn-Cook B, Radominska-Pandya A. Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 in non-malignant and malignant human breast tissues. Steroids 2008;73:611–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borras M, Hardy L, Lempereur F, et al. Estradiol-induced down-regulation of estrogen receptor. Effect of various modulators of protein synthesis and expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;48:325–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saceda M, Lippman ME, Chambon P, et al. Regulation of the estrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells by estradiol. Mol Endocrinol 1988;2:1157–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finak G, Sadekova S, Pepin F, et al. Gene expression signatures of morphologically normal breast tissue identify basal-like tumors. Breast Cancer Res 2006;8:R58
   Google Scholar