Estrogen plus progestin increase superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women

References

• Hale GE, Zhao X, Hughes CL, et al. Endocrine features of menstrual cycles in middle and late reproductive age and the menopausal transition classified according to the Staging of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) staging system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92: 3060–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino EM, Barreto SM, Bensenor IM, et al. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:315–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baquer NZ, Taha A, Kumar P, et al. A metabolic and functional overview of brain aging linked to neurological disorders. Biogerontology 2009;10:377–413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisan M, Browne R, Ram M, et al. Correlates of markers of oxidative status in the general population. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:348–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorelli SS, Neri S, Sciacchitano S, et al. Behavior of some indicators of oxidative stress in postmenopausal and fertile women. Maturitas 2006;53:77–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Rodríguez MA, Zacarías-Flores M, Arronte-Rosales A, et al. Menopause as risk factor for oxidative stress. Menopause 2012;19:361–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miquel J, Ramírez-Boscá A, Ramírez-Bosca JV, Alperi JD. Menopause: a review on the role of oxygen stress and favorable effects of dietary antioxidants. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2006; 42:289–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHI Writing Group For The Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risk and benefits of estrogen plus progesterone in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998;280:605–13
   Google Scholar
• Skouby SO, Jespersen J. Progestins in HRT: sufferance or desire? Maturitas 2009;62:371–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özden S, Dildar K, Kadir YH, Gülizar K. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status. Maturitas 2001;38:165–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarek-Tupikowsa G, Bohdanowicz-Pawlak A, Bidzinska B, et al. Serum lipid peroxides and total antioxidant status in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol 2004;19:57–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez CE, Mora SQ. HRT decreases DNA and lipid oxidation in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2013;16: 104–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bednarek-Tupikowska G, Tworowska U, Jedrychowska I, et al. Effects of oestradiol and oestroprogestin on erythrocyte antioxidative enzyme system activity in postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;64:463–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unfer TC, Conterato GM, Da Silva JC, et al. Influence of hormone replacement therapy on blood antioxidant enzymes in menopausal women. Clin Chim Acta 2006;369:73–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökkuşu C, Özbek Z, Tata G. Hormone replacement therapy: relation to homocysteine and prooxidant-antioxidant status in healthy postmenopausal women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;285:733–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haliwell B, Grootveld M. The measurement of free radical reactions in humans. Some thoughts for future experimentation. FEBS Lett 1987;213:9–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbiah MT. Mechanisms of cardioprotection by estrogens. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;217:23–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber LA, Scheffler E, Poll T, et al. 17β-estradiol inhibits LDL oxidation and cholesteryl macrophages. Free Radic Res 1989; 8:167–73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbiah MT, Kessel B, Agrawal M, et al. Antioxidant potential of specific estrogens on lipid peroxidation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1095–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayres S, Abplanalp W, Liu J, Subbiah MT. Mechanism involved in the protective effect of estradiol-17β on lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Am J Physiol 1998;274:1002–8
   Google Scholar
• Thibodeau PA, Kachadourian R, Lemay R, et al. In vitro pro- and antioxidant properties of estrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002;81:227–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wójcik M, Kosior-Korzecka U, Bobowiec R. Cytoprotective action of 17β-oestradiol against iron-induced hepatic oxidative stress in vitro. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2010;54:259–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Gubory KH, Bolifraud P, Garrel C. Regulation of key antioxidant enzymatic systems in the sheep endometrium by ovarian steroids. Endocrinology 2008;149:4428–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranquilli AL, Mazzanti L, Cugini AM, et al. Transdermal estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy are both antioxidants. Gynecol Endocrinol 1995;9: 137–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökkusu C, Tata G, Ademoğlu E, Tamer S. The benefits of hormone replacement therapy on plasma and platelet antioxidant status and fatty acid composition in healthy postmenopausal women. Platelets 2010;21:439–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehlow K, Rotter S, Wassmann S, et al. Modulation of antioxidant enzyme expression and function by estrogen. Circ Res 2003;93:170–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorthy K, Sharma D, Basir SF, Baquer NZ. Administration of estradiol and progesterone modulate the activities of antioxidant enzyme and aminotransferases in naturally menopausal rats. Exp Gerontol 2005;40:295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unfer TC, Maurer LH, Kemerich DM, et al. Non-genomic, direct modulatory effect of 17b-estradiol, progesterone and their synthetic derivatives on the activity of human erythrocyte CuZn superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Res 2013;47:219–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugino N, Karube-Harada A, Kashida S, et al. Differential regulation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase by progesterone withdrawal in human endometrial stromal cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2002;8:68–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassmann K, Wassmann S, Nickenig G. Progesterone antagonizes the vasoprotective effect of estrogen on antioxidant enzyme expression and function. Circ Res 2005;97:1046–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott, E et al. Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). J Women Health Gen-B 2001;10: 843–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitz DR, Oberley LW. An assay for superoxide dismutase activity in mammalian tissue homogenates. Anal Biochem 1989;179:8–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia DE, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1967;70:158–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984;105: 121–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid hidroperoxides in animal tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine RL, Garland D, Oliver CN, et al. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:464–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzie IFF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 1996;239:70–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceballos-Picot, Trivier J M, Nicole A, et al. Age-correlated modifications of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and glutathione-related enzyme activities in human erythrocytes. Clin Chem 1992;38:66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HT, Kim HY, Nam JW, et al. Study of 5’-flanking region of human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;201:1526–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan XS, Devalaraja MN, St Clair DK. Molecular structure and organization of the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene. DNA Cell Biol 1994;13:1127–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holley AK, Kiningham KK, Spitz DR, et al. Progestin stimulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and invasive properties in T47D human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009;117:23–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo RB, Lacava ZGM, Miyasaka CK, et al. Regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities in male and female rat macrophages by sex steroids. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001;34:683–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutosławska G, Tkaczyk J, Panczenko-Kresowska B, et al. Plasma TBARS, blood GSH concentrations, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in regularly menstruating women with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 331:159–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrás C, Gambini J, Gómez-Cabrera C, et al. 17β-oestradiol up-regulates longevity-related, antioxidant enzyme expression via the ERK1 and ERK2 [MAPK]/NFκ B cascade. Aging Cell 2005;4:113–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinho RA, Andrades ME, Oliveira MR, et al. Imbalance in SOD/CAT activities in rat skeletal muscles submitted to treadmill training exercise. Cell Biol Int 2006;30: 848–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delibasi T, Kockar C, Celik A, Kockar O. Antioxidant effects of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Swiss Med Wkly 2006;136:510–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polac I, Borowiecka M, Wilamowska A, Nowak P. Oxidative stress measured by carbonyl groups level in postmenopausal women after oral and transdermal hormone therapy. J Obstet Gynaecol 2012;38:1177–81
   Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Kale RK, McLean P, Baquer NZ. Protective effects of 17β estradiol on altered age related neuronal parameters in female rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2011;502:56–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Taha A, Kale RK, et al. Physiological and biochemical effects of 17β estradiol in aging female rat brain. Exp Gerontol 2011;46:597–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar