Ginsenoside Rg1 protects primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons from cell apoptosis induced by β-amyloid protein

References

• Adams JM, Cory S. (1998). The Bcl-2 protein family: arbiters of cell survival. Science 281:1322–1326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashe PC, Berry MD. (2003). Apoptotic signaling cascades. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27:199–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastianetto S, Ramassamy C, Poirier J, Quirion R. (1999). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) protects hippocampal cells from oxidative stress-induced damage. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 66:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Behl C. (2002). Oestrogen as a neuroprotective hormone. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:433–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beresford SA, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, McKnight B. (1997). Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestagen therapy in postmenopausal women. Lancet 349:458–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan RY, Chen WF, Dong A, Guo D, Wong MS. (2002). Estrogen-like activity of ginsenoside Rg1 derived from Panax notoginseng. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3691–3695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao DT, Korsmeyer SJ. (1998). BCL-2 family: regulators of cell death. Annu Rev Immunol 16:395–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XC, Zhu YG, Zhu LA, Huang C, Chen Y, Chen LM, Fang F, Zhou YC, Zhao CH. (2003). Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates dopamine-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by suppressing oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol 473:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (1997). Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 350:1047–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desagher S, Martinou JC. (2000). Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol 10:369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao QG, Chen WF, Xie JX, Wong MS. (2009). Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells via IGF-I receptor and estrogen receptor pathways. J Neurochem 109:1338–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenough S, Schäfer M, Behl C. (2003). Estrogen-induced cell signalling in a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 84:301–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green PS, Gridley KE, Simpkins JW. (1996). Estradiol protects against beta-amyloid (25–35)-induced toxicity in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett 218:165–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross A, McDonnell JM, Korsmeyer SJ. (1999). BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes Dev 13:1899–1911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang KC, Williams WM. (1999). The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Irie K, Murakami K, Masuda Y, Morimoto A, Ohigashi H, Ohashi R, Takegoshi K, Nagao M, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T. (2005). Structure of beta-amyloid fibrils and its relevance to their neurotoxicity: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Biosci Bioeng 99:437–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellinger KA. (2000). Cell death mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 107:1–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasumi M, Hashimoto Y, Chiba T, Kanekura K, Yamagishi Y, Ishizaka M, Tajima H, Niikura T, Nishimoto I. (2002). Molecular mechanisms for neuronal cell death by Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein-relevant insults. Neurosignals 11:236–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim H, Park BS, Lee KG, Choi CY, Jang SS, Kim YH, Lee SE. (2005). Effects of naturally occurring compounds on fibril formation and oxidative stress of beta-amyloid. J Agric Food Chem 53:8537–8541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Pettingell WH, Jung YK, Kovacs DM, Tanzi RE. (1997). Alternative cleavage of Alzheimer-associated presenilins during apoptosis by a caspase-3 family protease. Science 277:373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung KW, Yung KK, Mak NK, Chan YS, Fan TP, Wong RN. (2007). Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside-Rg1 in primary nigral neurons against rotenone toxicity. Neuropharmacology 52:827–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey R, Eden J. (1998). Phytoestrogens and the menopause. Climacteric 1:302–308.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller DK. (1997). The role of the caspase family of cysteine proteases in apoptosis. Semin Immunol 9:35–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nuydens R, Dispersyn G, Van Den Keiboom G, de Jong M, Connors R, Ramaekers F, Borgers M, Geerts H. (2000). Bcl-2 protects against apoptosis-related microtubule alterations in neuronal cells. Apoptosis 5:43–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ. (1993). Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74:609–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira C, Ferreiro E, Cardoso SM, de Oliveira CR. (2004). Cell degeneration induced by amyloid-beta peptides: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. J Mol Neurosci 23:97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike CJ, Walencewicz-Wasserman AJ, Kosmoski J, Cribbs DH, Glabe CG, Cotman CW. (1995). Structure-activity analyses of beta-amyloid peptides: contributions of the beta 25–35 region to aggregation and neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 64:253–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Hanada M, Bodrug S, Irie S, Iwama N, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Golemis E, Fong L, Wang HG. (1994). Interactions among members of the Bcl-2 protein family analyzed with a yeast two-hybrid system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9238–9242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai N, Nakanishi H, Tanabe K, Nishioku T, Sugiyama T, Fujiwara M, Yamamoto K. (1998). Involvement of caspase-like proteinases in apoptosis of neuronal PC12 cells and primary cultured microglia induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. J Neurosci Res 54:214–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanzi RE, Bertram L. (2005). Twenty years of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid hypothesis: A genetic perspective. Cell 120:545–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. (1998). Caspases: Enemies within. Science 281:1312–1316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie C, Markesbery WR, Lovell MA. (2000). Survival of hippocampal and cortical neurons in a mixture of MEM+ and B27-supplemented neurobasal medium. Free Radic Biol Med 28:665–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Gouras GK, Greenfield JP, Vincent B, Naslund J, Mazzarelli L, Fried G, Jovanovic JN, Seeger M, Relkin NR, Liao F, Checler F, Buxbaum JD, Chait BT, Thinakaran G, Sisodia SS, Wang R, Greengard P, Gandy S. (1998). Estrogen reduces neuronal generation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides. Nat Med 4:447–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Liu X, Bhalla K, Kim CN, Ibrado AM, Cai J, Peng TI, Jones DP, Wang X. (1997). Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked. Science 275:1129–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Raina AK, Lee HG, Casadesus G, Smith MA, Perry G. (2004). Oxidative stress signalling in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 1000:32–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar