Reduction of metabolic and behavioral signs of acute stress in male Wistar rats by saffron water extract and its constituent safranal

References

• Abdullaev FI. (1993). Biological effects of saffron. Biofactors, 4, 83–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullaev FI, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. (2004). Biomedical properties of saffron and its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention trials. Cancer Detect Prev, 28, 426–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abe K, Saito H. (2000). Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother Res, 14, 149–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam TC, Epel ES. (2007). Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiol Behav, 91, 449–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhondzadeh S, Fallah-Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi-Cigaroudi F. (2004). Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: A pilot double-blind randomized trial [ISRCTN45683816]. BMC Complement Altern Med, 4, 12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi SS, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Rezazadeh SA, Yousefi A, Zare F, Moradi A, Vossoughi A. (2010). A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 207, 637–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhondzadeh Basti A, Moshiri E, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Abbasi SH, Akhondzadeh S. (2007). Comparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: A pilot double-blind randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 31, 439–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aung HH, Wang CZ, Ni M, Fishbein A, Mehendale SR, Xie JT, Shoyama CY, Yuan CS. (2007). Crocin from Crocus sativus possesses significant anti-proliferation effects on human colorectal cancer cells. Exp Oncol, 29, 175–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das I, Das S, Saha T. (2009). Saffron suppresses oxidative stress in DMBA-induced skin carcinoma: A histopathological study. Acta Histochem, 112, 317–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar A, Mehta S, Dhar G, Dhar K, Banerjee S, Van Veldhuizen P, Campbell DR, Banerjee SK. (2009). Crocetin inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression in a xenograft mouse model. Mol Cancer Ther, 8, 315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedele E, Varnier G, Ansaldo MA, Raiteri M. (1998). Nicotine administration stimulates the in vivo N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in rat hippocampus through glutamate release. Br J Pharmacol, 125, 1042–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinzadeh H, Noraei NB. (2009). Anxiolytic and hypnotic effect of Crocus sativus aqueous extract and its constituents, crocin and safranal, in mice. Phytother Res, 23, 768–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter RG, Bellani R, Bloss E, Costa A, Romeo RD, McEwen BS. (2007). Regulation of CART mRNA by stress and corticosteroids in the hippocampus and amygdala. Brain Res, 1152, 234–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar S, Mick S, Dilworth V, Michel J, Rao TS, Farah JM, Wood PL. (1990). Sigma receptors modulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis centrally: Evidence for a functional interaction with NMDA receptors, in vivo. Neuropharmacology, 29, 299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson SA, Wang JF, Sun X, McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Young LT. (2009). Lithium treatment prevents stress-induced dendritic remodeling in the rodent amygdala. Neuroscience, 163, 34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF. (2008). Corticotropin-releasing factor, neuroplasticity (sensitization), and alcoholism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 8809–8810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai PK, Roy J. (2004). Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices. Curr Med Chem, 11, 1451–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechtenberg M, Schepmann D, Niehues M, Hellenbrand N, Wünsch B, Hensel A. (2008). Quality and functionality of saffron: quality control, species assortment and affinity of extract and isolated saffron compounds to NMDA and sigma1 (sigma-1) receptors. Planta Med, 74, 764–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, 434–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. (2008). Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. Eur J Pharmacol, 583, 174–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiol Rev, 87, 873–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. (2006). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: Central role of the brain. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 8, 367–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McEwen BS. (2009). The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation. Neuroimage, 47, 911–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley JE, Levine AS, Rowland NE. (1981). Stress induced eating. Life Sci, 32, 2169–2182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshiri E, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Hesameddin Abbasi S, Akhondzadeh S. (2006). Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine, 13, 607–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxinos G, Watson D. (1987). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pitsikas N, Boultadakis A, Georgiadou G, Tarantilis PA, Sakellaridis N. (2008). Effects of the active constituents of Crocus sativus L., crocins, in an animal model of anxiety. Phytomedicine, 15, 1135–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitsikas N, Sakellaridis N. (2006). Crocus sativus L. extracts antagonize memory impairments in different behavioural tasks in the rat. Behav Brain Res, 173, 112–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitsikas N, Zisopoulou S, Tarantilis PA, Kanakis CD, Polissiou MG, Sakellaridis N. (2007). Effects of the active constituents of Crocus sativus L., crocins on recognition and spatial rats’ memory. Behav Brain Res, 183, 141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radley JJ, Rocher AB, Rodriguez A, Ehlenberger DB, Dammann M, McEwen BS, Morrison JH, Wearne SL, Hof PR. (2008). Repeated stress alters dendritic spine morphology in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol, 507, 1141–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios JL, Recio MC, Manez S. (1996). An update review of saffron and its active constituent. Phytother Res, 10, 189–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozendaal B, McEwen BS, Chattarji S. (2009). Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, 423–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosales VP, Ikeda K, Hizaki K, Naruo T, Nozoe S, Ito G. (2002). Emotional stress and brux-like activity of the masseter muscle in rats. Eur J Orthod, 24, 107–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt M, Betti G, Hensel A. (2007). Saffron in phytotherapy: Pharmacology and clinical uses. Wien Med Wochenschr, 157, 315–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuen EY, Liu W, Karatsoreos IN, Feng J, McEwen BS, Yan Z. (2009). Acute stress enhances glutamatergic transmission in prefrontal cortex and facilitates working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 106, 14075–14079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar